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Biology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

Study Guide

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1
Q

What is a Prion

A

A proteinaceous infectious particle

Misshaped protein changes normal protein into misshaped protein.

Seen in CWD, Mad Cow, and Creutzfeld Jakob Disease

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2
Q

What is a Viroid?

A

Naked strands of RNA that take over cells to make more viroids

Seen in plants

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3
Q

What components make up a virus

A

Outer Capsid- Composed of protein subunits

Inner Core- Viral genome with DNA & RNA

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4
Q

What are the 5 Stages of the viral Cycle?

A 
Attachment
Penetration
Biosynthesis
Maturation
Release
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5
Q

What happens in Attachment

A

Capsid combines with a receptor in the bacterial cell wall

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6
Q

What happens in Penetration

A

A viral enzyme digests away part of the cell wall and viral DNA is injected into the bacteria cell

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7
Q

What happens during Biosynthesis

A

Viral components begins after the virus inactivates host genes. Machinery of the host cell then carries out viral DNA replication

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8
Q

What happens during Maturation

A

Viral DNA and capsids assemble to produce several hundred viral particles

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9
Q

What happens during Release

A

Release of the phage particles. Bacteria Cell Dies

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10
Q

What happens in Lytic Vs Lysogenic Viral Cycles

A

Lytic is Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation, Release.
Lysogenic phase a affected bacterial cell doesnt immediately produce phages, but might later. Following penetration, integration occurs. Viral DNA becomes incorporated into bacterial cell DNA with no destruction of host. Can re-enter lytic stage at any time.

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11
Q

Why dont antibiotics work on viruses?

A

Because they specifically target the bacterias machinery, which they cannot find after it has been taken over by a virus

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12
Q

What is a Retrovirus

A

Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material

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13
Q

How does the cell cycle work in a retrovirus

A

Enters the cell, reverse transcript converts retroviral RNA into DNA. Viral DNA then goes to nucleus and becomes intergrated into host genome. Can exit cell and infect another. (HIV)

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14
Q

Structure of a prokaryotic cell

A

No nucleus or other membrane bound organellles

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15
Q

2 domains with prokaryotic cells

A

Archaea

Bacteria

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16
Q

What are the major shapes of Bacteria?

A

Rods
Spheres
Spirals

17
Q

How do scientists think cells originated?

A

In rocks 3.5 million years ago. All from prokaryotic cells

18
Q

Function of Nucleoid in bacteria cell

A

Location of the bacterial chromosome

19
Q

Function of Plasma Membrane in bacteria cell

A

Sheet that surrounds cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit of molecules

20
Q

Function of Cell Wall in bacteria cell

A

Structure that provides support and shapes the cell

21
Q

Function of capsule in a bacteria cell

A

gel-like coating outside the cell wall that enhances ability to cause disease

22
Q

Function of Ribosome in a bacteria cell

A

Protein synthesis

23
Q

Function of Flagellum in bacteria cell

A

Locomotion

24
Q

Function of Fimbriae in bactera cell

A

Hairlike bristles that all adhesion to surfaces

25
Q

Function of Pilus is bacteria cell

A

Hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells

26
Q

What is meant by the term bianary fission

A

Bacteria Reproduction (Asexually)

27
Q

Define Photoautotroph

A

Something that can create food by themselves from the sun

28
Q

Define Chemoheterotroph

A

Organisms that have to obtain energy by ingesting building blocks (Humans)

29
Q

Define Symbiosis

A

An interaction between 2 different organisms living in close physical association. Usually mutually beneficial

30
Q

Define Commensalism

A

One partner benefits, the other doesnt benefit but isnt harmed either

31
Q

Define Mutualism

A

Both partners benefit

32
Q

Define Parasitic

A

One partner benefits and the other is harmed

33
Q

2 Differences between Archaea and Bacteria

A

Archaea have more complex RNA polymerase

Archaea are very metabolically diverse

34
Q

Where are Archaea typically found?

A

In “ancient” environments. Places other things can not live.

35
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were once prokaryotic cells on their own. They both contain DNA.

Biology (32 decks)

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