mod 19 -nonvisual senses

Question 1

audition:

Answer 1

sense of hearing

Question 2

amplitude:

Answer 2

strength of wave/loudness

Question 3

2 A’s of hearing

Answer 3

Audition and amplitude (sense of hearing and the strength of the sound wave/loudness)

Question 4

True/false: sense of touch is essential to one’s development psychologically

Answer 4

true, see touch-starved as child

Question 5

define sense of taction

Answer 5

mix of the 4 skin senses, pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

Question 6

Define kinesthesis

Answer 6

sense of positon and of movement of independent body parts
- pertains to voluntary GROUPS OF MUSCLES moving
- Pertains to surrounding awareness/balance

Question 7

vestibular sense

Answer 7

sense of balance

Question 8

how do different wavelengths affect sound?

Answer 8

longer = lower pitch, higher = higher pitch

Question 9

True/false: pain is experienced through only the sense of touch

Answer 9

false, experienced through all senses

Question 10

How many types of pain are there? define them

Answer 10

3 types:
1. biological (what most people think of, you accidentally touch a hot thing your neurons fire and you feel pain)
2. psychological (memories, remembering mr barbarotta beating you to a pulp and them seeing him int he doorframe and having a trauma response)
3. Social-cultural (learned, but not necessarily experienced pain, such as not going into a party due to covid phobia or feeling pain in your hands when someone else is hurt there

Question 11

What are the taste sensations?

Answer 11

1. sweet
2. sour
3. salty
4. bitter
5. umami

SoSwSaBU

Question 12

what is sensory interaction?

Answer 12

the principle that one sense can influence others (no sense of smell, cant discern coffee from wine, and if we hear something and see someone mouth something else, we perceive a third mixture thing)

Question 13

like taste, smell is a ____ sense, and reacts SELECTIVELY/individually (not on a scale of values like the RGB retina) to said _____.

Answer 13

chemical

Question 14

define synesthesia

Answer 14

the union of 2+ senses (involuntarily and automatically joined together when perceived in the brain, sound triggers color, etc.)

Question 15

AP TERM: sound localization

Answer 15

where is the sound coming from?

answer: sound waves reach closer ear before farther ear, and the tiny difference allows your brain to know the closer direction

Question 16

what do our we detect when we hear?

Answer 16

pressure differences/vibrations both in the air (this is also just what sound is) AND in our bones

Question 17

what does 0 decibels represent?

Answer 17

the absolute threshold for hearing

Question 18

define sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 18

damage to hair cell receptors in cochlea

Question 19

conduction hearing loss

Answer 19

damage to system of mechanical conduction of sound wave (ex. hammer is broken)

Question 20

true/false: adults who were born deaf whose brains never learned to hear cannot have their hearing restored, even with a cochlear implant making their ears fully functional

Answer 20

true

Question 21

What are basic steps of converting sound waves into perceived sound?

Answer 21

Outer ear conveys soundwaves to middle hear which mechanically transfers motion to the inner ear which transfers the signal into fluid waves, then the auditory nerve turns it to electrical waves and sends to auditory cortex via thalamus

Question 22

true/false: hearing loss means you lose hearing of softer sounds and louder sounds feel quieter.
also, why?

Answer 22

false, you DO lose hearing of softer sounds but loud sounds the same for all people who can hear it

this is because the brain interprets loudness from the number of activated hair cells, but softer sounds only activate cells tuned to their FREQUENCY

Question 23

what are the theories of how we perceive pitch?

Answer 23

place, frequency, and volley principle

Question 24

place theory: (high pitch sounds)

Answer 24

different sound waves = different activity along basilar membrane, high frequencies produce large vibrations at beginning, low vibrations at end

Question 25

frequency theory (low pitches, cannot fire neurons faster than 100 pulses/second)

Answer 25

brain reads pitch via neural impulses firing at the same rate as sound wave

Question 26

volley principle (between high and low pitches

Answer 26

firing one neuron while another recharges

Question 27

true/false: the brain primes your sense of touch via other sense/expectations

Answer 27

true, think tickling oneself vs. getting tickled by someone else, or generally being more sensitive to unexpected stimuli

Question 28

nociceptor

Answer 28

sensory receptors that detect extreme temperatures, pressure, or chemicals (pain!)

Question 29

gate-control theory

Answer 29

small nerve fibers conduct the most pain signals, and larger fibers conduct everything else. thus, use large fibers to override pain from small fibers, small opens the gate, large closes it.

Question 30

true/false: the brain can perceive senses that no longer function/arent there

Answer 30

true

Question 31

true/false: the brain remembers pain as cumulative over a period of time

Answer 31

false, it only reallys remembers how it feels towards the end of discomfort, so longer periods with larger net pains are seen as less painful as shorter ones

Question 32

how long does it take for taste receptors to regrow?

Answer 32

a week

Question 33

how do we taste?

Answer 33

taste buds contain pores that capture food, and taste receptors cells shoot hairs that sense different food molecules

Question 34

what causes taste buds and thus senstiviity to decrease?

Answer 34

aging, smoking, and drinking

Question 35

true/false: after being given the cold shoulder, one literally feels like the room is colder than it really is

Answer 35

true, social judgements and senses interact often

Question 36

true/false: ppl holding a warm drink act warmer to others and are more generous

Answer 36

true

Question 37

true/false: holding a heavier clipboard makes interview people feel the candidates are more important

Answer 37

true

Question 38

true/false: leaning to the left or gripping with a left hand or using a mouse with left hand causes more left-leaning politics

Answer 38

true

Question 39

embodied cognition

Answer 39

how our brain circuits that process our senses vs. our thinking interact with each other

Question 40

describe process of smelling

Answer 40

1. particles enter nose, binding to receptors
2. olfactory receptor cells activate and send electric signals
3. signals relayed to olfactory bulb and send to brain

selective signals based on chemicals

Question 41

true/false: the olfactory sense uses general receptors that detect a PATTERN to detect a specific smell (and allowing each receptor to be used for different smells)

Answer 41

true

Question 42

what is responsible for cvestibular kinesthesis/sense?

Answer 42

the semicircular canals of the earand vestibular sacs (connects the calans and cochlea), both of which are filled with fluid and have receptor hairs whose neurons send signals to the cerebellum

Question 43

Whats the difference between nociceptors and regular nerves?

Answer 43

Nociceptors: detect tissue damage, only fired when a minimum threshold is reached

Regular: regular stupid

Question 44

What happens to nociceptor sensitivity after cell damage?

Answer 44

increased, cells release tuning chemicals to lower the threshold of pain

Question 45

Can your mood change pain perception?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

True/false: after 3-6 months, tissue is healed and pain is largely psychological, not physical

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what chemicals kill pain? (released by brain)

Answer 47

endorphins and enkaphalins

Question 48

what is the only sense we have fully developed from the womb, and is thus most associated with childhood?

Answer 48

smell

Question 49

are our cones separated into 3 specialized types, or does each cone detect all RGB ranges?

Answer 49

3 separate types

Question 50

are our rods/cones responsible for opponent-processing?

Answer 50

no, we have separate opponent processing cells