mod 18 - vision and perceptual organization and interpretation

Question 1

Wavelength

Answer 1

distance w/i a light wave from one peak to another (color)

Question 2

amplitude

Answer 2

distance on y axis from peak to trough (brightness)

Question 3

Define accomodation

Answer 3

The process of the eye lense changing its shape on the retina to focus on different distanced objects

Question 4

AP TERM: Acuity

Answer 4

visual acuity = sharpness of vision as impacted by eye shape distortions (20/20 vs. literally you)

Question 5

rods vs cones (and how many of each in an eye?)

Answer 5

120 million rods, 6 million cones

Rods see black and white and grey in your periphery)(also happen to be located in the peripheral retina) with a high sensitivity to light in dim conditions (grey has the most shades)

cones see color near the center of the retina, with fine-detail and well-lit conditions
(CCC - Cones, color, center)

Question 6

Blind spot

Answer 6

area where there are no receptor cells, thus no vision (where the “stem” connects to the eye)

Question 7

Feature detectors

Answer 7

nerve cells in brain whcih respond to different angles of lines, shapes, angles, and movements (a desk vs. eshan tanseer)

Question 8

Parallel Processing

Answer 8

Processnig multiple things simultaneously (bird outline, color, depth (the wings are closer than the face) and motion = bird)

Question 9

trichromatic color theory/young and helmholtz

Answer 9

3 retina color receptors, red, green, blue

NOT RGB THEORAY

Question 10

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 10

Opposing retinal processes allow for color vision. you look at green, thus the retina and thalamus green-sensitive neurons fire. this means that when you look back, the neurons are more tired than the red-sensitive ones, so they are overpowered.
(ex. stare at green for a while, look away you see red)

Opponent pairs:
red-green
blue-yellow
white-black

Question 11

Stages of color processing

Answer 11

1. Red, green, and blue cones respond to color stimuli to different extents
2. opponent-processing cells process signals before they reach visual cortex

Question 12

Color constancy

Answer 12

familiar objects are PERCEIVED as constant color despite changing light levels altering wavelength of light from object

COMPARISONS GOVERN OUR PERCEPTIONS

Question 13

does every organism see the same colors we do

Answer 13

nah

Question 14

What is ESP? what researches claims of it?

Answer 14

Extrasensory perception (ghosts, auras of ppl, stuff like that)

the field of Parapsychology

Question 15

blindsight

Answer 15

cant see something, but cisual cortex provides instinct of such that you can guess the position without even seeing it perfectly

Question 16

aspects of parallel processing/supercell processing

Answer 16

color, movement, form, and depth

Question 17

afterimage

Answer 17

look at something for a while, look at something else, and you see the opposite of the color you were originally looking at

Question 18

can you detect red and green from the same place at once?

Answer 18

no, they are opponent colors. when greeen receptors are turned on, red are turned off, and vise versa,

Question 19

how does your brain recognize a face?

Answer 19

retina information —> mutliple visual cortex areas and compared to stored info

Question 20

two key theories of color vision?

Answer 20

1. trichromatic theory
2. opponent-process theory

both compliment each other, trichromatic says we see in red green blue and opponent process says we see those red OR green, blue OR yellow, and black OR white from single point

Question 21

define gestalt in the context of psychology

Answer 21

gestalt = organized whole, in thsi case the integrated pieces of information received from superclusters that we process and make into a whole and embue with meaning

Question 22

elements/types of grouping:

Answer 22

proximity (think two lines closer together are turned into a set rather than just two lines)

continuity from possible discontinuous patterns (curves with a line cutting off both halves)

closure: necker cube, fill in gaps

Question 23

binocular cues

Answer 23

depth cues that depend on both eyes (the stuff that lacks, thus difficulty in perceiving depth with one eye)

• retinal disparity (less = further, more = closer) (only with short-distances though)

Question 24

can you have depth perception with one eye?

Answer 24

yes, just more difficutly in doing so

Question 25

monocular cues

Answer 25

single-eye stuff,
relative size: recognized shape/object is registered as further away when smaller

light and shadow: light from above always, thus we see dark upper areas as concave and lit up upper areas as convex

relative height :taller things = further away

interposition: thing blocks another MUST be closer

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Question 26

(true/false) we see shrinking images as getting closer, and enlargening images as getting further away

Answer 26

false, the opposite is true

Question 27

(true/false) our brain fills in movement in slightly varied images at 24 fps or more, despite being just a fast powerpoint

Answer 27

so trueeeee

Question 28

phi phenomenon

Answer 28

2+ lights blinking off and on in quick succession creates illusion of movement

Question 29

is color constancy a top-down or bottom-up process?

Answer 29

top-down, your perception of the color depends on its surroundings (or lack thereof)

Question 30

if raised our entire lives with restricted light wavelengths, do we still perceive color constancy?

Answer 30

not really, shining a purple vs. white light on a goldfish would very much confuse this hypothetical person

Question 31

(true/false) people born blind and have their vision restored are unable to recognize form and shapes that they knew by touch, but they CAN recognize colors, brightness, and register that something is moving

Answer 31

true, but this is not the case for people who developed into their childhood past the critical point of development and only THEN lost their vision. these people can return to recognizing shapes without difficulty.

Question 32

how to recognize gestalt/objects

Answer 32

perceive as distinct from “ground” (background)

group, using monocular/binocular cues

Question 33

visual cliff

Answer 33

device for testing depth perception (usually with a clear thing above a drop off so they wont fall but they think they might)