Midterm #2 SOCI 111 Flashcards
Study chapters 5-9
A period stretching from puberty to about 18-years-old characterized by the role adjustment from childhood to adulthood
adolescence
The ability to choose and act independently of external constraints
agency
When people prepare for future life roles
anticipatory socialization
The process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identity and are given new ones
degradation ceremony
The way people perform tasks based on assigned gender scripts and gendered feedback from significant others
doing gender
The study of variations in gene expression under the impact of environmental influences
epigenetics
The stage in child development in which children begin to recognize and interact with particular others on the basis of fixed norms and roles
game stage
A cognitive picture or abstraction delineating the difference between gender categories that people utilize to guide their behavior and information processing
gender schema
The common behavioural expectations of general society
generalized other
The informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms
hidden curriculum
The two components or phases of the self-reflective self
I and me
An activity in a bounded situation where there is a mutual focus of attention and a shared emotional experience
interaction ritual
The self or self-image that arises as the reaction to the judgement of others
looking glass self
The distribution of impersonal information to a wide audience via television, newspapers, radio, and the internet
mass media
A standard sequence of changes in a person’s moral capacity to be answerable for their actions
moral career
The way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society
moral development
The influence of genetic makeup on self development
nature
The role that social environment plays in self development
nurture
A group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests
peer group
A time when children begin to episodically imitate and take on roles that another person might have
play stage
A time when children are only capable of imitation and have no ability to imagine how others see things
preparatory stage
The process by which old behaviours are removed and new behaviours are learned in their place
resocialization
A ritual that marks a life cycle transition from a previous status to a new status
rite of passage
When one or more of an individual’s social roles clash
role conflict
A person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction
self
Internalized social norms that define what people should do when they occupy a social role in society
social expectation
The behaviour expected of a person who occupies a particular position
social role
The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
socialization
The three stages of child development (preparatory, play, game stage) in which the child develops the capacity to assume social roles
stages of child socialization
A theoretical perspective that focuses on the relationship of individuals within society by studying their communication (language, gestures, and symbols)
symbolic interactionism
An institution in which members are required to live in isolation from the rest of society
total institution
Statuses obtained by personal effort or choice
achieved status
Statuses obtained by attributions outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race
ascribed status
The mutual understanding of a shared social context, which arises out of communicative interaction
definition of the situation
A technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance
dramaturgical analysis
Producing or inhibiting feelings according to the social expectations of different situations
emotion management
The production of emotional qualities required as an aspect of paid labour
emotional labour
An image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes
face
The management of one’s face in light of the responses of others
face-work
A set of socially shared guidelines that define appropriate emotions in given situations
feeling rules
The process whereby social patterns become routinized through repetition so they can be performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort
habitualization
Strategies used by a performer to control the impressions and responses of the others in a social interaction
impression management
The act of implanting a convention or norm into society
institutionalization
An act of self-presentation in which an individual expresses their view of the situation, their attitude towards the other members of the group, and their attitude towards themselves
line
The individual’s perception of how think think they appear to others
looking-glass self
Shared way in which people freely or voluntarily act upon themselves to transform themselves
practice of the self
When one or more of an individual’s roles clash
role conflict
The expression of a role
role performance
Stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role
role strain
An array of roles attached to a particular status
role-set
Patterns of behaviour that are representative of a person’s social status
roles
An idea that becomes true when acted on
self-fulfilling prophecy
The process of social exchange and reciprocal influence exercised by individuals over one another during social encounters
social interaction
Pre-established patterns of behaviour that people are expected to follow in specific social situations
social scripts
The privileges and benefits that a person experiences according to their prestige and role in society
status
Large scale, societal patterns in people’s feelings or emotional responses towards things
structure of feeling
How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
Thomas theorem
A collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who do not interact or share a sense of identity
aggregate
A leader who issues orders and demands compliance from subordinates
authoritarian leader
A formal organization characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labour, explicit rules, impersonality and meritocracy
bureaucracy
People who share similar characteristics but who are not otherwise socially connected
category
Organization that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital
coercive organization
The elevated feeling experienced by individuals when they come together as a group
collective effervescence
The extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms
conformity
The specific drives, needs, purposes, or interests of individuals that motivate them to interact with others
contents
The group of close, personal contacts with whom one confides on personal matters and with whom one chooses to spend free time
core discussion group
A leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before acting
democratic leader
Organizational structure in which each individual has a specialized task to perform
division of labour
A two-member group
dyad
Rules that are explicitly stated, written down, and standardized
explicit rules
A group function that serves an emotional need
expressive function
A leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional well-being
expressive leader
Large, impersonal organizations
formal organizations
The study of how specific social contents are organized into regular patterns of social coordination
formal sociology
The patterns of behaviour that guide or regulate individuals’ actions in different social settings
forms
An invisible barrier that prevents women from achieving positions of leadership
glass ceiling
Any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share a sense that their identity is aligned with the group
group
The tendency to conform to the attitudes and beliefs of the group despite individual misgivings
groupthink
A clear chain of command
hierarchy of authority
An abstract model of a recurring social phenomenon that describes the form and logical relation of components
ideal type
The absence of personal feelings in the conduct of organizational tasks
impersonality
A group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of their identity
in-group
A group function that serves achieving a task or goal efficiently and effectively
instrumental function
A leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks
instrumental leader
The theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration
iron law of oligarchy
A hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions
laissez-faire leader
The role of the leader in determining how an organization decides what its goals are and how it will attain them
leadership function
The style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members
leadership style
The increasing presence of the fast-food business model of control, predictability, calculability and efficiency in common social institutions
McDonaldization
A research focus on the properties of large scale, society-wide, social interactions
macro-level of analysis
A research focus on the characteristics of local networks, groups, and organizations
meso-level of analysis
A research focus on the social dynamics of small groups and face-to-face interaction
micro-level of analysis
An organization principle where group membership and advancement are based on merit as shown through proven and documented skills
meritocracy
Organizations that people choose to join to pursue shared interests or because they provide intangible rewards
normative or voluntary organizations
A group that an individual is not a member of and may compete with
out-group
Small, informal groups that provide the individual with intimacy and support
primary groups
The experience and attraction to the act of being together for its own sake, regardless of the content of the interaction
pure sociability
An explanation of in-group/out-group behaviour which predicts that antagonism will develop between groups if there is a competition for a resource in which only one group can be the winner and in the absence of superordinate goals requiring cooperation
realistic conflict theory
Groups to which an individual compares herself or himself
reference groups
A process in which a dominant group displaces their unfocused aggression and violence onto a subordinate group
scapegoating
Large, impersonal groups that are task-focused and time-limited
secondary groups
Any two individuals on Earth can be linked on average by six network connections
six degrees of separation
An individual who has a large impact on a person’s socialization or plays a formative role in shaping their life
significant other
A collection of people tied together by a specific configuration of connections through which resources are exchanged
social network
An individual in a network is influenced by their immediate social contacts, their social contacts’ contacts, and their social contacts’ contacts’ contacts
three degrees of influence
An organization in which participants live a controlled life focused on resocialization
total institution
The tendency for the products of culture to detach themselves from lived experience and become increasingly complex, specialized, alienating, or oppressive
tragedy of culture
A three-member group
triad
An organization that people join to fill a specific material need
utilitarian organization
The involvement of Indigenous communities in the sentencing of Indigenous offenders
Aboriginal sentencing circles
Offenders serve a conditional sentence in the community, usually by performing some sort of community service
community-based sentencing
A means of social control that obliges an offender to pay a victim to compensate for a harm committed
compensatory social control
A means of social control that reconciles the parties of a dispute and mutually restores harmony to a social relationship that has been damaged
conciliatory social control
Serious acts of deviance about which there is near-unanimous public agreement
consensus crimes
Acts of deviance that may be illegal but about which there is considerable public disagreement concerning their seriousness
conflict crimes
A threshold that needs to be crossed for violence to take place in face to face conflicts
confrontational tension/fear barrier
A theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society
control theory
Crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment
corporate crime
The system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested, convicted, or sentenced for criminal offences
corrections system
A system that has the authority to make decisions about criminal responsibility and sentencing based on law
court
A behaviour that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
crime
Crimes committed as ways in which individuals cope with conditions of oppression and inequality
crimes of accommodation
An organization that exists to enforce a legal code
criminal justice system
A violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms
deviance
A theory that states individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them
differential association theory
Detailed continuous training, control, observation, correction and rehabilitation of individuals to improve their capabilities
disciplinary social control
Women (or other categories of individual) who break both laws and gender (or other) norms
doubly deviant
The use of tests by authorities to assess, document, and know individuals
examination
Norms based on everyday cultural customs like etiquette
folkways
Penalties for rule breaking that are officially recognized and enforced
formal sanctions
Practices by which individuals or organizations seek to govern the behaviour of others or themselves
government
Attacks based on prejudice against a person’s or group’s race, religion, sexuality or other characteristics
hate crimes
Penalties for rule breaking that occur in face-to-face interactions
informal sanctions
The ascribing of a deviant identity to another person by members of society
labelling theory
Norms that are specified in explicit codes and enforced by government bodies
law
Codes that maintain formal social control through laws
legal codes
The interaction between scientific classifications and targeted “kinds of people,” which influences the behaviour of the people thus classified
looping effect
A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individua
master status
An individual or group who, in the service of its own interests, publicizes and problematizes “wrongdoing” and has the power to promote, influence, create or enforce rules to penalize wrongdoing
moral entrepreneur
An expanding cycle of deviance, media-generated public fears, and police reaction
moral panic
Serious moral injunctions or taboos that are broadly recognized in a society
mores
Punishments for violating norms
negative sanctions
Strategies of social control that identify, classify, and manage groupings of offenders by the degree of risk they represent to the general public
new penology
Crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force
nonviolent crimes
The process by which norms are used to differentiate, rank, and correct individual behaviour
normalization
A society that uses continual observation, discipline, and correction of its subjects to exercise social control
normalizing society
The difference between the proportion of an identifiable group in a particular institution (like the correctional system) and their proportion in the general population
overrepresentation
Institutional architecture that renders subjects visible to a centralized authority; Jeremy Betham’s model for the ideal prison
panopticon
A means of social control that prohibits certain social behaviours and responds to violations with punishment
penal social control
The network of institutions that create and exclude inter-generational, criminalized populations on a semi-permanent basis
penal-welfare complex
A civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, provincial, or community level
police
Rewards given for conforming to norms
positive sanctions
A violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others
primary deviance
A personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions
psychopathy
The singling out of a particular racial group for extra policing
racial profiling
The tendency of offenders to reoffend
recidivism
A technique of conciliatory social control which focuses on establishing a direct, face-to-face connection between the offender and the victim
restorative justice conferencing
(1) Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk. (2) As a means of social control, the strategies to restructure the environment or context of problematic behaviour in order to minimize the risks to the general population
risk management
A means of enforcing rules through either rewards or punishments
sanctions
A change in a person’s self-concept and behaviour after their actions are labelled as deviant by members of society
secondary deviance
After an initial victimization, secondary victimization is incurred through criminal justice processes
secondary victimization
The act of labeling someone as criminal or deviant creates barriers and impediments that make it difficult for them to pass or survive in legitimate society. The label causes itself to become true
self-fulfilling prophecy
Collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews
self-report study
Strategies of social control that redesign spaces where crimes or deviance could occur to minimize the risk of crimes occurring there
situational crime control
The regulation and enforcement of norms
social control
Departures from normal behaviour that are not illegal but are widely regarded as harmful
social deviations
Theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control
social disorganization theory
Acts that violate social norms but are generally regarded as harmless
social diversions
An arrangement of regular, predictable practices and behaviours on which society’s members base their daily lives and expectations
social order
A personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions
sociopathy
A theory that addresses the conflictual relationship between having socially acceptable goals while lacking socially acceptable means to reach those goals
strain theory
Crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces
street crime
Various means used to make the lives and activities of individuals visible to authorities
surveillance
A means of social control that uses therapy to return individuals to a normal state
therapeutic social control
A system of justice centred on healing and building or re-establishing community rather than retribution and punishment
traditional Aboriginal justice
The notion that women lie about sexual assault out of malice toward men and women will say “no” to sexual relations when they really mean “yes”
twin myths of rape
Activities against the law that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them
victimless crime
Crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force against a person or persons
violent crimes
Crimes committed by high status or privileged members of society
white-collar crime
Areas within the city characterized by high levels of migration, social diversity, and social change
zones of transition
A severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information
absolute poverty
A status received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)
achieved status
A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)
ascribed status
Ritualized practices by which people keep both a physical and social distance from status superiors
avoidance rituals
Relating to manual work or workers
blue-collar
In capitalism, the owning class who live from the proceeds of owning or controlling capital
bourgeoisie
A system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives
caste system
A group who shares a common social status based on their economic position or relationship to the means of production
class
A stratification system based on class structure and individual achievement
class system
Buying and using products to make a statement about social standing
conspicuous consumption
Cultural assets in the form of knowledge, education, and taste that can be transferred intergenerationally
cultural capital
An argument that social inequality provides positive functional incentives in the occupational system
Davis-Moore thesis
A lowering of one’s social class
downward mobility
Unions of people within the same social category
endogamous marriages
A situation in which everyone in a society has a similar level of wealth, status, and power
equality of conditions
A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards
equality of opportunity
A sociological paradigm that models human interaction on the basis of calculated social exchanges of resources governed by a norm of reciprocity
exchange theory
Unions of people from different social categories
exogamous marriages
A measure of income inequality in which zero is absolute equality and one is absolute inequality
Gini Index
the correlation between greater social inequality in a society and lower intergenerational mobility
Great Gatsby curve
the ability of a dominant group in society to secure consent to its rule by successfully presenting its own interests, values and norms as the common sense interests, values and norms of everybody
hegemony
The money a person earns from work or investments
income
A difference in income level between different generations of a family
intergenerational mobility
A difference in income level between different members of the same generation
intragenerational mobility
The compounding effects of multiple determinants of social inequality
intersectionality
The income needed to meet a family’s basic needs and enable them to participate in community life
living wage
In capitalism, the underclass of chronically unemployed or irregularly employed who are in and out of the workforce
lumpenproletariat
Productive property, including the things like tools, technologies, resources, land, workplaces, etc. used to produce the goods and services needed for survival
means of production
An ideal system in which individual achievements determine social standing
meritocracy
A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society
neo-liberalism
In capitalism, the class of small owners like shopkeepers, farmers, and contractors who own some property and perhaps employ a few workers but rely on their own labour to survive
petite bourgeoisie
How many people a person must take orders from versus how many people a person can give orders to or influence with their decisions
power
Ritualized practices by which individuals attest to the esteem they hold for others
presentation rituals
A law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son
primogeniture
The class of people defined by selling their labour for a wage or salary
proletariat
The process in which work conditions increasingly resemble those of the traditional, blue-collar working class
proletarianization
Living without the minimum amount of income or resources needed to be able to participate in the ordinary living patterns, customs, and activities of a society
relative poverty
The division of people into categories based on socially significant characteristics, identities, and roles
social differentiation
The unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards, and positions in a society
social inequality
The ability to change positions within a social stratification system
social mobility
An institutionalized system of social inequality
social stratification
A group’s social position in a hierarchy based on income, education, and prestige of occupation
socio-economic status (SES)
A level of material goods and comforts required to maintain a particular socio-economic lifestyle
standard of living
The degree of honour or prestige one has in the eyes of others
status
The consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across different social categories like income, education, and occupation
status consistency
When societal changes increase or decrease the relative income of an entire group or category of people vis-a-vis other groups
structural mobility
An increase in one’s social class
upward mobility
The value of a person’s assets
wealth
Relating to “mental,” administrative or services work, particularly in an office or other professional environment
white-collar
