Chapters 10 - 12 for SOCI 111 FINAL Flashcards
The experience of a division between the directly lived, bodily world of women’s lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt
bifurcated consciousness
Deep and structures of language that take the form of paired terms and carry opposed or opposite meanings
binary opposition
A term that refers to individuals whose gender identity matches the gender and sex they were assigned at birth
cisgender
A social condition in which heteronormativity is enforced by formal and informal measures that encourage heterosexuality and penalize sexual variation
compulsory heterosexuality
The way people perform tasks based on assigned gender scripts and gendered feedback from significant others
doing gender
An ideological framework that states that there are only two possible sexes, male and female, and two possible genders, masculine and feminine
dominant gender schema
Women are doubly exploited in capitalist society when they work outside the home for wages and within the home as unpaid domestic labour
double exploitation of women
A concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women, but allows it for men
double standard
The dominant styles of femininity, which express women’s subordination to men within a particular culture at a particular time
emphasized femininity
A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviours that are considered male or female
gender
Harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender
gender-based violence
A psychiatric classification describing persons experiencing a strong and persistent incongruity between their anatomy (their sex) and the gender with which they identify
gender dysphoria
An individual’s sense of being either masculine or feminine
gender identity
Society’s concept of how men and women should behave
gender role
Sexual orientation which takes into account both sexes and genders of people
gendered sexuality
An invisible barrier that prevents women from achieving positions of leadership
glass ceiling
The dominant male ideal within a particular culture at a particular time
hegemonic masculinity
The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation
heteronormativity
An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals
homophobia
Individuals with a mixture of male and female sexual organs or physical characteristics
intersex
Emotional, sexual and physical violence by one intimate partner against another
intimate partner violence
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, two spirited and other minority sexualities
LGBTQ2+
A style of masculinity characterized as virile, aggressive, intransigent, and hyper-masculine
machismo
A type of femininity, often stigmatized, defined by non-compliance with male domination
pariah femininity
The principle that individuals are guided by instinctual drives for immediate gratification
pleasure principle
The idea of a society in which sex and gender distinctions no longer matter
postgenderism
A scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality
queer theory
The principle that individuals must regulate instinctual drives for gratification according to the reality of the restrictions, rules and moral codes of the social order
reality principle
A term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females
sex
The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another
sexism
A person’s capacity for sexual feelings and the orientation of their emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)
sexuality
The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
socialization
Oversimplified ideas about groups of people
stereotypes
A term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviours and characteristics that are the opposite of their biological sex
transgender
Transgender individuals who alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy
transsex
A status received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)
achieved status
(in a biological usage) the connection between human variations and the historical-geographical origins of an individual or group’s ancestors
ancestry
A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)
ascribed status
The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
assimilation
Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour
BIPOC
The forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action
conquest
Prejudiced action against a group of people
discrimination
Can be used interchangeably with the term majority
dominant
A group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups
dominant group
A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards
equality of opportunity
The idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value
ethical relativism
A shared cultural heritage — the distinctive practices, beliefs and way of life of a group
ethnicity
Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture
ethnocentrism
Refers to marriage outside of the group (community, tribe, ethnicity, etc.)
exogamy
When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country
expulsion
The idea that humans can be categorized into five racial categories: African, European, Asian, Oceanic, and Native American
five race theory
The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
genocide
Rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group
group-specific rights
The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices
hybridity
a shared self-perception or self-ascription of an individual or community as belonging to a distinct group based on ethnic, racial, religious, geographical or other characteristics
identity
When a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfranchisement of a group
institutional racism
The process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups
internal colonialism
A theory that suggests that the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes on social status compound one another
intersection theory
Any group of people who are singled out from others for differential and unequal treatment
minority group
The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation
miscegenation
The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment
model minority
The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures
multiculturalism
the practice of projecting exotic characteristics onto “Asia,” “the East” or “the Orient” that are said to be the opposite of Western characteristics
orientalism
Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people
prejudice
The practice of projecting “savagery” or premodern characteristics onto Indigenous and racialized peoples around the globe
primitivism
The selection of individuals for greater surveillance, policing, or treatment on the basis of racialized characteristics
racial profiling
When real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighbourhoods based on their race
racial steering
The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences
racialization
A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others
racism
The process by which meaning is produced and circulated in a society through the use of language, signs and images to stand in for, or re-present, things
representation
The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
segregation
A society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of Indigenous inhabitants
settler society
Oversimplified ideas about groups of people
stereotypes
a mark or attribute regarded as deeply discrediting
stigma
A systematic method used to resolve conflicts, or potential conflicts, between groups that arise based on perceived differences
strategy for the management of diversity
Groups whose identity is defined by cultural subordination
subaltern groups
A group of people who have less power than the dominant group
subordinate group
Overlapping and mutually reinforcing structures of racial discrimination systematically embedded within and between organizations and institutions
systemic racism
The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”
White privilege
The doctrine that non-White groups are inferior and that racial discrimination, segregation, and domination is therefore justified
White supremacy
Persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour
visible minority
The state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities
absolute poverty
the ability to define one’s goals and act on them; used as a variable to measure inequality
agency
A global countermovement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labour rights, and democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization
anti-globalization movement
A labour market divided into a core of relatively stable, well-paid jobs and a periphery of casual, precarious, and low-cost labour
bifurcated labour system
The movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources
capital flight
A form of slavery in which one person owns another
chattel slavery
The transformation in the transportation and trade of goods brought about by the use of container ships
containerization
A form of domination in which a state or state sponsored group exercises direct control over the territory and inhabitants of another society
colonialism
The widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations, communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres beginning in the 16th century
Columbian Exchange
Dominant capitalist countries
core nations
A social condition or setting of social and cultural diversity in which a multiplicity of ideas, traditions and customs intermingle
cosmopolitanism
The buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals
debt accumulation
When people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom
debt bondage
The process whereby former colonies attain formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers
decolonization
The loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower
deindustrialization
Theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations
dependency theory
The process whereby day-to-day life is increasingly less informed by traditions or the ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts
de-traditionalization
The process in which day to day life is no longer completely embedded in local, micro-level interactions but becomes coordinated and organized on a global basis
disembedding
Advanced systems of knowledge and practice required to run the complex institutional arrangements and technological systems of contemporary societies
expert system
A form of colonialism in which the focus is on the extraction of wealth (rather than settlement)
exploitative colonialism
A form of identity formation defined by the drive to find one’s “self” and to express one’s unique individuality, even in the face of resistance
expressive individualism
19th century-1914
first wave of globalization
A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies
first world
A term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage
fourth world
A practice where products are designed, manufactured, and assembled in different international locations
global assembly lines
The extension of the capitalist mode of production to the entire world
global capitalism
Analytical framework that the development of global capitalism takes place less in the context of national economies and more in the context of global flows of capital investment in an increasingly integrated world market
global capitalism theory
Internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations around the world for the purpose of manufacture, distribution, and marketing
global commodity chains
A global pattern in which women increasingly bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty
global feminization of poverty
The concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority
global inequality
The study of structures and processes that extend beyond the boundaries of states or specific societies
global level of analysis
The unequal distribution of resources between countries
global stratification
The processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world into a single world society
globalization
the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period
gross domestic product (GDP)
The income of a nation calculated based on domestic goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country
gross national income (GNI)
Features that define the common culture of global society
late modernity
The relationship between core and peripheral countries in which resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises to be converted into manufactured goods and then shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption
metropolis-hinterland relationship
A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work
modernization theory
A corporation whose ownership and operations span multiple nation-states
multinational corporation
The continued socio-economic and political dominance of external political and economic agents in former colonies
neo-colonialism
A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society
neo-liberalism
The emergence of group identities that provide individuals with a means of distinguishing themselves from others in the context of global diversity and cosmopolitanism
new tribalism
A system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work
peonage
Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization
peripheral nations
the initial stage of capitalist accumulation in which people are separated from a territory and its resources, and subjected to forms of unfree labour, expropriation of land and destruction of self-determining communities
primitive accumulation
A stance of contemporary individuality and institutional life that involves (a) continuous monitoring of activities and performance to assess effectiveness and future risks, and (b) a readiness to modify understandings and practices in response to new information
reflexivity
The state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country
relative poverty
A characteristic trade off in late modern society between trust in expert systems to manage collective risks and threats, and the recognition of the fallibility of expert systems
risk/trust dilemma
Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk
risk management
1945-1989
second wave of globalization
A term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living
second world
In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle class marketplace
semi-peripheral nations
A form of colonialism focused on permanent settlement and corresponding displacement of Indigenous Peoples and societies
settler colonialism
The system by which the world is divided up into separate and indivisible sovereign territories or states
sovereign state system
The political form in which a single, central, supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory
sovereignty
A state of poverty subjectively present when one’s actual income does not meet one’s expectations
subjective poverty
Sectors of the global labour market who are of no direct use to capitalism and obliged to sustain themselves precariously in informal sectors of the economy
surplus humanity
The principle that territory and economic resources that are not being effectively utilized by an indigenous population could legitimately be expropriated and developed by a superior invading nation
Terra Nullius
The spread of automation, computation, instantaneous communication, and digitization through the use of electronics, computers and internet
third industrial revolution
1989–present
third wave of globalization
A term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, non-industrialized countries
third world
A network of owners of capital who are distributed around the world and focused on international markets, rather than their home markets, for investment and capital accumulation
transnational capitalist class
An unregulated economy of labour and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections
underground economy
Analytical framework which conceptualizes a single world-system operating as a global division of labour, divided between multiple states, which redistributes surplus value from the periphery to the core
world systems theory
An irrational fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods
xenophobia
