Chapter 8 Flashcards
The involvement of Indigenous communities in the sentencing of Indigenous offenders
Aboriginal sentencing circles
Offenders serve a conditional sentence in the community, usually by performing some sort of community service
community-based sentencing
A means of social control that obliges an offender to pay a victim to compensate for a harm committed
compensatory social control
A means of social control that reconciles the parties of a dispute and mutually restores harmony to a social relationship that has been damaged
conciliatory social control
Serious acts of deviance about which there is near-unanimous public agreement
consensus crimes
Acts of deviance that may be illegal but about which there is considerable public disagreement concerning their seriousness
conflict crimes
A threshold that needs to be crossed for violence to take place in face to face conflicts
confrontational tension/fear barrier
A theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society
control theory
Crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment
corporate crime
The system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested, convicted, or sentenced for criminal offences
corrections system
A system that has the authority to make decisions about criminal responsibility and sentencing based on law
court
A behaviour that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
crime
Crimes committed as ways in which individuals cope with conditions of oppression and inequality
crimes of accommodation
An organization that exists to enforce a legal code
criminal justice system
A violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms
deviance
A theory that states individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them
differential association theory
Detailed continuous training, control, observation, correction and rehabilitation of individuals to improve their capabilities
disciplinary social control
Women (or other categories of individual) who break both laws and gender (or other) norms
doubly deviant
The use of tests by authorities to assess, document, and know individuals
examination
Norms based on everyday cultural customs like etiquette
folkways
Penalties for rule breaking that are officially recognized and enforced
formal sanctions
Practices by which individuals or organizations seek to govern the behaviour of others or themselves
government
Attacks based on prejudice against a person’s or group’s race, religion, sexuality or other characteristics
hate crimes
Penalties for rule breaking that occur in face-to-face interactions
informal sanctions
The ascribing of a deviant identity to another person by members of society
labelling theory
Norms that are specified in explicit codes and enforced by government bodies
law
Codes that maintain formal social control through laws
legal codes
The interaction between scientific classifications and targeted “kinds of people,” which influences the behaviour of the people thus classified
looping effect
A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individua
master status
An individual or group who, in the service of its own interests, publicizes and problematizes “wrongdoing” and has the power to promote, influence, create or enforce rules to penalize wrongdoing
moral entrepreneur
An expanding cycle of deviance, media-generated public fears, and police reaction
moral panic
Serious moral injunctions or taboos that are broadly recognized in a society
mores
Punishments for violating norms
negative sanctions
Strategies of social control that identify, classify, and manage groupings of offenders by the degree of risk they represent to the general public
new penology
Crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force
nonviolent crimes
The process by which norms are used to differentiate, rank, and correct individual behaviour
normalization
A society that uses continual observation, discipline, and correction of its subjects to exercise social control
normalizing society
The difference between the proportion of an identifiable group in a particular institution (like the correctional system) and their proportion in the general population
overrepresentation
Institutional architecture that renders subjects visible to a centralized authority; Jeremy Betham’s model for the ideal prison
panopticon
A means of social control that prohibits certain social behaviours and responds to violations with punishment
penal social control
The network of institutions that create and exclude inter-generational, criminalized populations on a semi-permanent basis
penal-welfare complex
A civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, provincial, or community level
police
Rewards given for conforming to norms
positive sanctions
A violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others
primary deviance
A personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions
psychopathy
The singling out of a particular racial group for extra policing
racial profiling
The tendency of offenders to reoffend
recidivism
A technique of conciliatory social control which focuses on establishing a direct, face-to-face connection between the offender and the victim
restorative justice conferencing
(1) Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk. (2) As a means of social control, the strategies to restructure the environment or context of problematic behaviour in order to minimize the risks to the general population
risk management
A means of enforcing rules through either rewards or punishments
sanctions
A change in a person’s self-concept and behaviour after their actions are labelled as deviant by members of society
secondary deviance
After an initial victimization, secondary victimization is incurred through criminal justice processes
secondary victimization
The act of labeling someone as criminal or deviant creates barriers and impediments that make it difficult for them to pass or survive in legitimate society. The label causes itself to become true
self-fulfilling prophecy
Collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews
self-report study
Strategies of social control that redesign spaces where crimes or deviance could occur to minimize the risk of crimes occurring there
situational crime control
The regulation and enforcement of norms
social control
Departures from normal behaviour that are not illegal but are widely regarded as harmful
social deviations
Theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control
social disorganization theory
Acts that violate social norms but are generally regarded as harmless
social diversions
An arrangement of regular, predictable practices and behaviours on which society’s members base their daily lives and expectations
social order
A personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions
sociopathy
A theory that addresses the conflictual relationship between having socially acceptable goals while lacking socially acceptable means to reach those goals
strain theory
Crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces
street crime
Various means used to make the lives and activities of individuals visible to authorities
surveillance
A means of social control that uses therapy to return individuals to a normal state
therapeutic social control
A system of justice centred on healing and building or re-establishing community rather than retribution and punishment
traditional Aboriginal justice
The notion that women lie about sexual assault out of malice toward men and women will say “no” to sexual relations when they really mean “yes”
twin myths of rape
Activities against the law that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them
victimless crime
Crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force against a person or persons
violent crimes
Crimes committed by high status or privileged members of society
white-collar crime
Areas within the city characterized by high levels of migration, social diversity, and social change
zones of transition
