Chapters 17 - 20 for SOCI 121 FINAL Flashcards
A political state in which a monarch has absolute or unmitigated power
absolute monarchy
The role of the state in maintaining the economic conditions for sustained capitalist investment and profitability
accumulation function
The political principles and practice of social organization without formal or state leadership
anarchism
The absence of any organized government
anarchy
Violent military conflict in which there is a significant imbalance of technical and military means between combatants
asymmetrical warfare
Power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate
authority
Power legitimized on the basis of a leader’s exceptional personal qualities
charismatic authority
The internalized sense of individual dignity, rights, and freedom that accompanies formal membership in the political community
citizenship
The role of the state in maintaining social order by use of force
coercive function
A political state in which a monarch is head of state but whose powers are limited by a legal constitution
constitutional monarchy
Rule by the people
democracy
The deliberative process by which the will or decisions of the people are determined
democratic will formation
A form of government in which decision making, even in matters of detail, is conducted through assemblies made up of all citizens
direct democracy
A situation in which power and resistance are fixed into a more or less permanent hierarchical arrangement
domination
(1) A geographically widespread organization of individual states, nations, and peoples that is ruled by a centralized government; (2) The contemporary global network form of power whose territory is the entire globe and whose network nodes include the dominant nation‐states, supranational institutions, and major capitalist corporations
empire
The various means and strategies used to direct the behaviour and actions of others (or of oneself)
government
The ideal norm of democratic discussion in which every subject is permitted to take part in public discussion, to question assertions, to introduce assertions, and to express attitudes, desires, and needs; no subject can be prevented from speaking
ideal speech situation
An event staged using primarily visual symbols as a means of public persuasion
image event
The process of controlling the impact of one’s appearance to others
image management
The institutions that organize the regular processes of democracy including parliament, the civil service, electoral procedures, constitutions, rule of law, etc
institutions of democracy
The role of the state in securing social harmony and the consent of the public to be ruled
legitimation function
A form of government in which a single person, or monarch, rules until that individual dies or abdicates the throne
monarchy
A political unit whose boundaries are co-extensive with a cultural, linguistic or ethnic nation
nation-state
A style of government which governs individuals through their exercise of freedom and free choice
neoliberalism
The social process in which civil society organizes itself for military action and the production of violence as a routine practice of everyday life
normalization of militarization
The state acts as a neutral mediator to balance the competing interests and demands of divergent interest groups in society
pluralist theory
(1) The means by which form is given to the life of a people; (2) The activity of striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power, either among states or among groups within a state
politics
The underlying societal factors and social changes that create constituencies of people with common interests
political demand
The process in which political messaging is subject to sophisticated controls, calculations, and communications strategies
political image management
The strategies and organizational capacities of political parties to deliver an appealing political program to particular constituencies
political supply
Concerns with quality-of-life issues: personal autonomy, self-expression, environmental integrity, women’s rights, gay rights, the meaningfulness of work, habitability of cities, etc
postmaterialist
A condition in which lethal violence is present as a constant potentiality, always and everywhere ready to erupt
post-security
(1) The ability to exercise one’s will over others; (2) The capacity or to create and act
power
An open democratic space for public debate and deliberation
public sphere
Power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws
rational-legal authority
A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests
representative democracy
A rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the way of life, social structure, and political institutions of a society
revolution
The system by which the world is divided up into separate and indivisible sovereign territories or states
sovereign state system
The political form in which a single, central, supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory
sovereignty
A human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
state
A condition of crisis in which the law or the constitution is temporarily suspended so that the state can claim emergency powers
state of exception
The use of violence on civilian populations and institutions to achieve political ends
terrorism
Power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs
traditional authority
A violent armed conflict between politically distinct groups
war
Crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal
acting crowds
Social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals
alternative movements
A theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behaviour and collective action
assembling perspective
People who share close proximity without really interacting
casual crowds
Concerted behaviour in which a number of people come together on the basis of a shared interest to achieve some common objective
collective action
A non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage
collective behaviour
The shared meanings, symbols, concepts, categories and images of a social group or society
collective representations
People who come together for a regularly scheduled event
conventional crowds
A fairly large number of people sharing close proximity
crowd
Patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a manufactured product
design patents
When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated in a clear, easily understood manner
diagnostic framing
The increasing gap between the technological haves and have-nots
digital divide
The sum of energy required for a finished product including the resource extraction, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, and disposal
embodied energy
A perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour
emergent norm theory
A breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the technology, interrupted by a breakthrough
evolutionary model of technological change
Crowds that share opportunities to express emotions
expressive crowds
A large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time
flash mob
A way or perspective in which experience is organized conceptually
frame
Using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement
frame alignment process
Networks of social movement actors who collaborate across state borders to address shared global concerns
global social movements
The shared inter-subjective meanings and common understandings that form the backdrop of daily existence and communication
lifeworld
A relatively large group with a common interest, even if the group members may not interact or be in close proximity
mass
The cultural form of capitalist societies characterized by constant change and transformation
modernity
The process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies
modernization
When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated as a call to action
motivational framing
Theory that analyzes why the common features contemporary social movements are concerns with quality of life issues rather than traditional materialist issues
new social movement theory
When a technology company plans for a product to be obsolete or unable to be repaired
planned obsolescence
Patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced
plant patents
When social movements state a clear solution to their issue
prognostic framing
An unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who interact and debate ideas
public
Movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals
redemptive movements
Movements that seek incremental change to the social structure
reform movements
Movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure
resistance movements
Theory that explains social movements’ success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals
resource mobilization theory
Movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society
revolutionary movements
Any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns, social relationships, institutions, cultural values and norms
social change
Movements of collective feeling, public expression and social creation that are in the process of emerging and not yet caught in a definite mould
social currents
A purposeful, organized group that works toward a common social goal
social movement
A collection of social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goal
social movement industry
A single social movement group
social movement organization
The collection of social movements in a society
social movement sector
The spread of technology across borders
technological diffusion
Lines of development of technological innovations which make advancements on previous iterations
technological lineage
An application of knowledge to solve problems in daily life
technology
Patents that are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process, product, or machine
utility patents
A functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur
value-added theory
The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”
White privilege
Discrimination against persons with disabilities or the unintended neglect of their needs
ableism
A social movement skeptical of the scientific basis and effectiveness of psychiatric treatment, which considers psychiatry to be based on a power relationship between doctor and patient and the institutional authority of the diagnostic process
anti-psychiatry movement
Feelings of worry and fearfulness that last for months at a time
anxiety disorders
A system of medical practice that defines health and illness in terms of the mechanics of the physical, biological systems of the human body
biomedicine
The relationships of power that emerge when the task of fostering and administering the life of the population becomes central to government
biopolitics
Ways of acting upon the self to transform the self to attain a certain mode of being (e.g., “health”)
care for the self
Non-communicable diseases like cancer, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, characterized by the slow onset of symptoms
chronic diseases
The transformation of health and health services into products that can be bought and sold in the marketplace
commodification of health
Illnesses that are questioned or considered questionable by some medical professionals
contested illnesses
The social process that normalizes “sick” behavior
demedicalization
An organic based pathology which can in principle be measured through clinical or laboratory procedures
disease
Any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism
disease vector
An impairment in cognitive, developmental, physical, sensory, and mental abilities, compounded by social barriers that hinder full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others
disability
Detailed continuous training, control, observation, correction, and rehabilitation of individuals to improve their capabilities (or health)
disciplinary power
The long-term change in a population’s dominant health problems or profile from acute infectious diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases as societies go through the process of industrialization
epidemiologic transition
A model of power that separates deviants from “normals,” or the sick from the healthy, and abandons them outside the care of society
exclusion of the sick
Rule by old people
gerontocracy
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
health
The subjective experience of ‘not feeling well.’
illness
The physical limitations a less-able person faces
impairment
Communicable diseases caused by micro-organisms such as bacteria or viruses
infectious diseases
The physiological body, or what people are as physiological, neurological, and skeletal beings
Körper
The lived body, or the way in which the body experiences the world and is itself experienced from within
Leib
When a physician certifies that an illness is genuine
medical legitimation
A situation in which no one model of health practice can successfully claim to provide the definitive truth for how to attain health
medical pluralism
The systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and health care for both the sick and the healthy
Medical Sociology
The process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy
medicalization
The process that changes “bad” behaviour into “sick” behavior
medicalization of deviance
A condition that makes it more difficult to cope with everyday life
mental disorder
A severe, lasting mental disorder that requires long-term treatment
mental illness
Long-term, debilitating illnesses like depression and bipolar disorder
mood disorders
Neurocognitive variation among the human species
neurodiversity
A socially defined standard measure which allows us to distinguish between what conforms to a rule and what does not
norm
A society organized around the definition of norms used to discipline bodies and regulate populations
normalizing society
Disorders that cause people to behave in ways that are seen as abnormal to society but seem normal to them
personality disorders
The study of social structures and processes based on a systematic description of the contents of subjective experience
phenomenology
Health insurance that is funded or provided by the government
public health care
The pattern of expectations that define appropriate behaviour for the sick and for those who take care of them
sick role
Interventions to treat or cure disabilities in order to reintegrate disabled persons into “normal” society
rehabilitation
A violation of social norms not covered by any specific behavioural expectation
residual deviance
Strategies to restructure the environment or context of problematic behaviour in order to minimize the risks to the general population
risk management
A framework that describes the social variables that influence health outcomes for individuals and populations
social determinants of health model
The study of the causes and distribution of diseases
social epidemiology
When stereotypes don’t change, they get recycled for application to a new subordinate group
stereotype interchangeability
A “mark” of difference that defines a socially undesirable characteristic
stigma
When someone’s identity is spoiled; they are labelled as different, discriminated against, and sometimes even shunned due to an illness or disability
stigmatization
When people are discriminated against because of illnesses and sufferers are looked down upon or even shunned by society
stigmatization of illness
A system that guarantees health care coverage for everyone
universal health care
A delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services
vaccine hesitancy
The current geologic era of the planet initiated by the impact of human activity on the biosphere
Anthropocene
A technology suited and fit to its ecological and social context
appropriate technology
A self-perpetuating system encompassing actors, materials, technologies, policies and practices that make up and reinforce private vehicle usage
automobility
A geographical area that is determined not by political or administrative boundaries but by ecological systems, such as a watershed, a river estuary, a coastal environment, a mountain range or plain
bioregion
The reinvestment of profit in order to increase private capital assets and future profits
capital accumulation
How many people can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources
carrying capacity
Long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity
climate change
Collective resources that humans share in common
commons
A model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones
concentric zone model
Theory which asserts that human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population
cornucopian theory
A city form based economically on corporate management and financial services
corporate city
An environmental social movement based on the principle that the eco-system and members of the natural world are not resources to be used because all beings have intrinsic value
deep ecology
Theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development
demographic transition theory
The study of population dynamics
demography
Cities that are divided into wealthy, high-tech, information-based zones of urban development and poorer, run-down, marginalized zones of urban underdevelopment and informal economic activity
dual city
Theoretical framework that describes human pressure on environmental systems as temporary because, as society modernizes, the ecological rationality underpinning the need to protect the environment from the strains of human development will become evident, leading to necessary reforms, innovations and environmental sustainability
ecological modernization theory
Urban formations based on clusters of shopping malls, entertainment complexes, and office towers at major transportation intersections
edge city
The movement of people out of an area to another place of permanent residence
emigration
The condition in which low-income and marginalized people are disproportionately likely to experience various environmental problems
environmental inequality
The unequal access to a clean environment and basic environmental resources based on racialized distinctions
environmental racism
The sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the environment
environmental sociology
The degree to which a human activity can be sustained without damaging or undermining basic ecological support systems
environmental sustainability
The accelerated extraction of natural resources to satisfy a global demand for minerals and energy with the idea that this sustains national economic growth
extractivism
Communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status
exurbs
Cities that choose to transform themselves into Disneyland-like theme parks or sites of mega-events to draw international tourists
fantasy city
A measure noting the actual number of children born
fertility rate
When upper- and middle-class residents renovate and live in properties in certain city areas or communities that have been historically less affluent
gentrification
A unique development based on the new role of cities in the circuits of global information and global capital circulation and accumulation
global city
Coalitions of politicians, real estate investors, corporations, property owners, urban planners, architects, sports teams, and cultural institutions, for example, who work together to intensify land usage, attract private capital to the city and lobby government for subsidies and tax breaks for investors
growth machine
How much the population of a defined area grows or shrinks in a specific time period, calculated as the current population minus the initial population divided by the initial population
growth rate
A functional perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and natural environment
human ecology
The movement of people into an area to take up permanent residence
immigration
A city in which the major business and employment activities revolve around manufacturing, building, and machining
industrial city
Theory which asserts that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)
Malthusian theory
A large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and exurbs
megalopolis
The area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs
metropolis
A form of social life distinguished from rural life and produced by the effect of the external features of the metropolis (population size, density, anonymity, and diversity, for example) on the psyche or subjective experience of the urban dweller
metropolitan way of life
The movement of people into and out of an area
migration
A measure of the number of people who die
mortality rate
A “not in my back yard” movement or protest, describing the tendency of people to protest development when it impacts them directly
NIMBY
An exaggerated expression of masculinity tied to a backlash against climate change discourse
petro-masculinity
A snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates
population composition
Graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex
population pyramid
A city defined by its orientation to circuits of global consumption, the fragmentation of previously homogeneous cultures, and the emergence of multiple centres or cores
postmodern city
The ratio of men to women in a given population
sex ratio
The development on the outskirts of cities of unplanned shantytowns or squats with no access to clean water, sanitation, or other municipal services
slum city
A sociological model in which human communities, like biotic communities, are bound together by complex relations of competition for resources and mutual dependence
social ecology
The uncontrolled growth of urban areas with a low population density, high dependence on automobiles, and poor planning
sprawl
The communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute
suburbs
The collective destruction of collective or shared resources as a product of individual cost/benefit decision making
tragedy of the commons
Theoretical framework that describes human pressure on environmental systems as a product of capitalism, which prioritizes economic growth over social inequality and environmental protection
treadmill of production theory
The subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization
urban sociology
The way of life characteristic of cities and towns
urbanism
The process of the formation of cities
urbanization
A theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration
zero population growth
Transitional, economically deprived zones within a city, where there is a high rate of flux in population as different groups of people move in and out
zones of transition
