Chapter 10 Flashcards
The state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities
absolute poverty
the ability to define one’s goals and act on them; used as a variable to measure inequality
agency
A global countermovement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labour rights, and democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization
anti-globalization movement
A labour market divided into a core of relatively stable, well-paid jobs and a periphery of casual, precarious, and low-cost labour
bifurcated labour system
The movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources
capital flight
A form of slavery in which one person owns another
chattel slavery
The transformation in the transportation and trade of goods brought about by the use of container ships
containerization
A form of domination in which a state or state sponsored group exercises direct control over the territory and inhabitants of another society
colonialism
The widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations, communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres beginning in the 16th century
Columbian Exchange
Dominant capitalist countries
core nations
A social condition or setting of social and cultural diversity in which a multiplicity of ideas, traditions and customs intermingle
cosmopolitanism
The buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals
debt accumulation
When people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom
debt bondage
The process whereby former colonies attain formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers
decolonization
The loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower
deindustrialization
Theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations
dependency theory
The process whereby day-to-day life is increasingly less informed by traditions or the ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts
de-traditionalization
The process in which day to day life is no longer completely embedded in local, micro-level interactions but becomes coordinated and organized on a global basis
disembedding
Advanced systems of knowledge and practice required to run the complex institutional arrangements and technological systems of contemporary societies
expert system
A form of colonialism in which the focus is on the extraction of wealth (rather than settlement)
exploitative colonialism
A form of identity formation defined by the drive to find one’s “self” and to express one’s unique individuality, even in the face of resistance
expressive individualism
19th century-1914
first wave of globalization
A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies
first world
A term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage
fourth world
A practice where products are designed, manufactured, and assembled in different international locations
global assembly lines
The extension of the capitalist mode of production to the entire world
global capitalism
Analytical framework that the development of global capitalism takes place less in the context of national economies and more in the context of global flows of capital investment in an increasingly integrated world market
global capitalism theory
Internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations around the world for the purpose of manufacture, distribution, and marketing
global commodity chains
A global pattern in which women increasingly bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty
global feminization of poverty
The concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority
global inequality
The study of structures and processes that extend beyond the boundaries of states or specific societies
global level of analysis
The unequal distribution of resources between countries
global stratification
The processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world into a single world society
globalization
the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period
gross domestic product (GDP)
The income of a nation calculated based on domestic goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country
gross national income (GNI)
Features that define the common culture of global society
late modernity
The relationship between core and peripheral countries in which resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises to be converted into manufactured goods and then shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption
metropolis-hinterland relationship
A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work
modernization theory
A corporation whose ownership and operations span multiple nation-states
multinational corporation
The continued socio-economic and political dominance of external political and economic agents in former colonies
neo-colonialism
A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society
neo-liberalism
The emergence of group identities that provide individuals with a means of distinguishing themselves from others in the context of global diversity and cosmopolitanism
new tribalism
A system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work
peonage
Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization
peripheral nations
the initial stage of capitalist accumulation in which people are separated from a territory and its resources, and subjected to forms of unfree labour, expropriation of land and destruction of self-determining communities
primitive accumulation
A stance of contemporary individuality and institutional life that involves (a) continuous monitoring of activities and performance to assess effectiveness and future risks, and (b) a readiness to modify understandings and practices in response to new information
reflexivity
The state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country
relative poverty
A characteristic trade off in late modern society between trust in expert systems to manage collective risks and threats, and the recognition of the fallibility of expert systems
risk/trust dilemma
Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk
risk management
1945-1989
second wave of globalization
A term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living
second world
In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle class marketplace
semi-peripheral nations
A form of colonialism focused on permanent settlement and corresponding displacement of Indigenous Peoples and societies
settler colonialism
The system by which the world is divided up into separate and indivisible sovereign territories or states
sovereign state system
The political form in which a single, central, supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory
sovereignty
A state of poverty subjectively present when one’s actual income does not meet one’s expectations
subjective poverty
Sectors of the global labour market who are of no direct use to capitalism and obliged to sustain themselves precariously in informal sectors of the economy
surplus humanity
The principle that territory and economic resources that are not being effectively utilized by an indigenous population could legitimately be expropriated and developed by a superior invading nation
Terra Nullius
The spread of automation, computation, instantaneous communication, and digitization through the use of electronics, computers and internet
third industrial revolution
1989–present
third wave of globalization
A term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, non-industrialized countries
third world
A network of owners of capital who are distributed around the world and focused on international markets, rather than their home markets, for investment and capital accumulation
transnational capitalist class
An unregulated economy of labour and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections
underground economy
Analytical framework which conceptualizes a single world-system operating as a global division of labour, divided between multiple states, which redistributes surplus value from the periphery to the core
world systems theory
An irrational fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods
xenophobia
