Chapter 11 Flashcards
A status received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)
achieved status
(in a biological usage) the connection between human variations and the historical-geographical origins of an individual or group’s ancestors
ancestry
A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)
ascribed status
The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
assimilation
Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour
BIPOC
The forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action
conquest
Prejudiced action against a group of people
discrimination
Can be used interchangeably with the term majority
dominant
A group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups
dominant group
A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards
equality of opportunity
The idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value
ethical relativism
A shared cultural heritage — the distinctive practices, beliefs and way of life of a group
ethnicity
Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture
ethnocentrism
Refers to marriage outside of the group (community, tribe, ethnicity, etc.)
exogamy
When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country
expulsion
The idea that humans can be categorized into five racial categories: African, European, Asian, Oceanic, and Native American
five race theory
The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
genocide
Rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group
group-specific rights
The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices
hybridity
a shared self-perception or self-ascription of an individual or community as belonging to a distinct group based on ethnic, racial, religious, geographical or other characteristics
identity
When a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfranchisement of a group
institutional racism
The process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups
internal colonialism
A theory that suggests that the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes on social status compound one another
intersection theory
Any group of people who are singled out from others for differential and unequal treatment
minority group
The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation
miscegenation
The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment
model minority
The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures
multiculturalism
the practice of projecting exotic characteristics onto “Asia,” “the East” or “the Orient” that are said to be the opposite of Western characteristics
orientalism
Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people
prejudice
The practice of projecting “savagery” or premodern characteristics onto Indigenous and racialized peoples around the globe
primitivism
The selection of individuals for greater surveillance, policing, or treatment on the basis of racialized characteristics
racial profiling
When real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighbourhoods based on their race
racial steering
The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences
racialization
A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others
racism
The process by which meaning is produced and circulated in a society through the use of language, signs and images to stand in for, or re-present, things
representation
The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
segregation
A society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of Indigenous inhabitants
settler society
Oversimplified ideas about groups of people
stereotypes
a mark or attribute regarded as deeply discrediting
stigma
A systematic method used to resolve conflicts, or potential conflicts, between groups that arise based on perceived differences
strategy for the management of diversity
Groups whose identity is defined by cultural subordination
subaltern groups
A group of people who have less power than the dominant group
subordinate group
Overlapping and mutually reinforcing structures of racial discrimination systematically embedded within and between organizations and institutions
systemic racism
The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”
White privilege
The doctrine that non-White groups are inferior and that racial discrimination, segregation, and domination is therefore justified
White supremacy
Persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour
visible minority
