Chapter 2 Flashcards
Knowledge based on the accepted authority of the source
authoritative knowledge
In-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual
case study
A sociological research method that studies the social world from the point of view of the bodies and bodily practices of the participants
carnal sociology
Knowledge based on observations without any systematic process for observing or assessing the accuracy of observations
casual observation
A set of guidelines established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology or other disciplines
code of ethics
A quantitative approach to textual research that selects an item of textual content that can be reliably and consistently observed and coded, and surveys the prevalence of that item in a sample of textual output
content analysis
In an experiment, the subjects or comparison group who are not exposed to the independent variable
control group
When a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation
correlation
Research approach that utilizes positivist, interpretive and reflexive methods to produce knowledge that maximizes the human potential for freedom and equality
critical research strategy
An approach to teaching and learning based on fostering the agency of marginalized communities and empowering learners to emancipate themselves from oppressive social structures
critical pedagogy
The process of dismantling colonial power structures
decolonization
Variable changed by the impact of another variable
dependent variable
Evidence corroborated by direct sense experience and/or observation
empirical evidence
The extended observation of the cultural practices, perspectives, beliefs and values of an entire social setting
ethnography
The testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions
experiment
In an experiment, the subjects who are exposed to the independent variable
experimental group
Gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey
field research
The generation of hypotheses and theories after the collecting and analysis of data
grounded theory
When study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher
Hawthorne effect
An educated guess that predicts outcomes with respect to the relationship between two or more variables
hypothesis
Variable that causes change in a dependent variable
independent variable
Methodologies that derive a general statement from a series of empirical observations
inductive approach
The study of the way everyday life is coordinated through institutional, textually mediated practices
institutional ethnography
A one-on-one conversation between a researcher and a subject
interview
A scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research
literature review
Specific ways of rendering abstract concepts in terms of measurable and observable criteria
operational definitions
Knowledge that draws general conclusions from limited observations
overgeneralization
Immersion by a researcher in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an “insider” perspective
participant observation
A defined group serving as the subject of a study
population
Data collected directly from firsthand experience
primary data
Information based on systematic interpretations of meaning
qualitative data
Information from research collected in numerical form that can be counted
quantitative data
A representative subset of a population selected without bias. Every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study
random sample
A detailed, systematic method for conducting research and obtaining data
research design
Small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population
sample
A systematic research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions
scientific method
Using data collected by others but applying new interpretations
secondary data analysis
Knowledge based on observations that only confirm what the observer expects or wants to see
selective observation
Data collections from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviours and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire
surveys
A thorough ethnographic description which describes observed behaviour and the layers of meaning that form the social context of the behaviour
thick description
Knowledge based on received beliefs or the way things have always been done
traditional knowledge
The degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study
validity
A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment, during the course of a study and in publishing results
value neutrality
A characteristic or measure of a social phenomenon that can take different values
variable
