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Fall 2024 > Microbiology CH 9 > Flashcards

Microbiology CH 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 ways to control microbes and are they physical or chemical processes?

A
  1. Sterilization - Both
    2.Decontamination/Sanitization - Chemical
  2. Disinfection - Physical
  3. Antisepsis/Degermation - Physical
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2
Q

Define Sterilization

A

Elimination of all life (protists, bacteria, viruses, dormant/vegetative cells)

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3
Q

What is the most broad strategy for “Control” called?

A

Sterilization

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4
Q

What ‘Control’ is a chemical process than ONLY kills cells and can be harmful to tissue like skin?

A

Disinfection

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5
Q

Define Disinfection

A

Destruction of vegetative/active organisms on a surface that does NOT remove the cells

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6
Q

Define Decontamination

A

Removal of vegetative cells and other potentially hazardous materials from a non-biological surface

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7
Q

What is the process of removing vegetative cells from a potentially hazardous surface?

A

Decontamination/Sanitization

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8
Q

Define Antisepsis/Degermation

A

Removal of vegetative cells on BIOLOGICAL surfaces

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9
Q

What is the process of removing vegetative cells on biological surfaces?

A

Antisepsis/Degermation

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10
Q

What is the word for killing microbes?

A

Bactericidal

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11
Q

What is the word for stopping microbes without killing them?

A

Bacteriostatic

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12
Q

What dehydrates a cell and causes it to shrivel and completely die off due to losing moisture?

A

Dry Heat

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13
Q

Define Incineration

A

Cells completely oxidize and turn to ash due to enough dry heat

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14
Q

What materials are better controlled with moist heat?

A

Liquids

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15
Q

What materials are better controlled with dry heat?

A

Powders

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16
Q

What does moist heat cause proteins to do?

A

Denature

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17
Q

What does denaturing do?

A

Causes proteins to lose its 3D shape. The active site changes its stucture and loses ability to function

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18
Q

What are the 3 Moist Heat Methods?

A
  1. Boiling<br></br>2. Pasteurization<br></br>3. Autoclaving
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19
Q

What is a method for disinfection of water or of surfaces that can tolerate being submerged in water?

A

Boiling

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20
Q

How long and at what temperature kills most vegetative cells?

A

30 minutes at 100C

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21
Q

Define boiling

A

Method of disinfection for water or surfaces that can tolerate being submerged in water

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22
Q

Define Pasteurization

A

Use of less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling

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23
Q

What does Pasteurization do?

A

Kills spoilage organisms and pathogens

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24
Q

What is the word for using less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling?

A

Pasteurization

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25
Q

Define Autoclaving

A

Use of high pressure to raise the steam point of water, allowing steam to exist at 121C and kill more (ideally ALL) things, including endospores<br></br>

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26
Q

What is using high pressure to raise steam to the point of water in order to kill more things called?

A

Autoclaving

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27
Q

What is it called with flames are used to expose organisms to temperatures so high they completely oxidize and turn to ash?

A

Incineration

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28
Q

What temperatures kills vegetative cells and spores respectively?

A

80C and 120C

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29
Q

What can cold temperature control be defined as?

A

Microbiostatic

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30
Q

Define lyophilization

A

Process of ‘freeze-drying’ cells to keep them alive long-term

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31
Q

What is the process of freeze-drying cells to keep them alive long-term called?

A

Lyophilization

32
Q

Define Radiation

A

Use of electromagnetic waves to damage cellular components

33
Q

What is the word for usage of electromagnetic waves to damage cellular components?

A

Radiation

34
Q

What does ionizing radiation do?

A

Creates charged particles in the cell, damaging it all over the place

35
Q

What does non-ionizing radiation do?

A

Creates mutations in DNA

36
Q

What forms when two thymine bases are next to each other?

A

Thymine Dimers (covalent bond)

37
Q

What leads to errors in DNA replication?

A

Thymine Dimers

38
Q

What do Thymine Dimers cause?

A

Errors in DNA replication

39
Q

What do chemical methods of control target?

A

Specific structures or compounds within the cell

40
Q

What may need to be controlled using different chemicals so that chemical methods are effective?

A

Specific surfaces or environments

41
Q

Where on the periodic table are Halogens found?

A

Group 17

42
Q

What are the two major halogens used as part of chemical control?

A

Chlorine and Iodine

43
Q

What reacts with water to create Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl)?

A

Bleach

44
Q

What does bleach do?

A

Denatures enzymes and disrupts cellular function

45
Q

What does iodine do?

A

Disrupts metabolic enzymes and can denature proteins

46
Q

What do halogens target?

A

All living cells including endospores with long exposure

47
Q

What are oxidizing agents?

A

Chemical compounds that are highly electronegative and are able to steal electrons from other compounds

48
Q

What can form free radicals (OH-) which can react with many compounds in the cell, including DNA?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

49
Q

What does Hydrogen Peroxide target?

A

Endospores or living cells that are not catalase-positive

50
Q

Low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide can…?

A

Kill obligately anaerobic bacteria in patients with topical application

51
Q

High concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide can…?

A

Be used to sterilize delicate instruments that cannot be sterilized with heat

52
Q

What are phenolic compounds?

A

Aromatic compounds usually containing at least a hydroxyl group

53
Q

What is Phenol?

A

Benzene ring with a hydroxyl on it

54
Q

What two phenolic compounds have been used extensively in antibacterial soaps?

A

Triclosan and Triclocarban

55
Q

What do Triclosan and Triclocarbon do?

A

Disrupt cell walls, cell membranes, and proteins

56
Q

What phenolic compounds have been implicated as potentially toxic to humans and potentially damaging to the human microbiome?

A

Triclosan and Triclocarban

57
Q

What do phenolic compounds target?

A

Some bacteria, fungi, and viruses

58
Q

What are Alcohols?

A

Short carbon molecules containing a hydroxyl (OH) functional group

59
Q

What ingredients are known as rubbing alcohol?

A

Ethanol and Isopropanol

60
Q

What happens at high concentrations (>50%) with alcohols?

A

Cell membranes dissolve, cell surface tension is dissolved, and cell structures are compromised

61
Q

What is the downside of alcohols?

A

Alchohols evaporate quickly, meaning anything that can survive short-term will probably survive

62
Q

What do alcohols target?

A

Most bacteria, fungi, and viruses

63
Q

What are heavy metals?

A

Compounds containing metals such as mercury and silver

64
Q

What heavy metal can be used in topical germicidal creams?

A

Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)

65
Q

What do heavy metal antiseptics do?

A

React with specific functional groups in proteins to disrupt their functions

66
Q

What is the risk of using heavy metals (specifically Silver Nitrate)?

A

It may react with functional groups in proteins and disrupt their functions within healthy tissues

67
Q

What do heavy metals target?

A

Some bacteria, fungi, viruses

68
Q

What are detergents?

A

Usually amphipathetic molecules that react with surface of the cell, but also hydrophobic regions of cell membrane

69
Q

What is the active ingredient used in Formula 409?

A

Quarternary Ammonium

70
Q

What kind of ion is Quarternary Ammonium and what does it do?

A

Positively-charged ion that disrupts cell membranes

71
Q

What detergent is regularly used in soaps and shampoos?

A

Sodium lauryl sulfate

72
Q

What charge is sodium lauryl sulfate?

A

Negatively-charged ionic compound

73
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

A substance that disrupts membrane surface tension

74
Q

What does detergent target?

A

Certain bacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungi

75
Q

Myobacterium are _______ from detergents

A

Innately protected

76
Q

What can kill endospores?

A

Silver Nitrate, High Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide, Autoclaving, and Iodine <br></br>*Note: Probably another too that I forgot about but these are the confusing ones

Fall 2024 (14 decks)

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