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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 20 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels? Describe each one briefly. Which ones are the major ones?

A
  1. Arteries (M)- Carry blood away from the heart
  2. Arterioles - Smallest arteries
  3. Capillaries (M) - Smallest blood vessels
  4. Venules - Smallest veins that receive blood from the capillaries
  5. Veins (M) - Receive blood from venules
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2
Q

What are the 3 layers (tunics) of a blood vessel? What do they contain and what are their functions?

A
  1. Tunica Intima - Contains endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and subendothelial layer. Vessels are larger than 1mm
  2. Tunica Media - Sheets of smooth muscle that cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  3. Tunica Externa - Composed of connective tissue
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3
Q

What is the central blood-filled space of a vessel called?

A

Lumen

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4
Q

What’s another word for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

Vasoconstriction - Contraction
Vasodilation - Relaxation

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5
Q

What are the largest arteries? What is its’ diameter range?

A

Elastic arteries - 2.5 cm to 1 cm

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6
Q

What is an alternative name for elastic arteries? What does it include?

A

Conducting arteries; includes aorta and major branches

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7
Q

What does the high elastin in elastic arteries do?

A

Dampens surge of blood pressure

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8
Q

Where do the muscular (distributing) arteries lie? What is its’ diameter range? What arteries fall under this category?

A
  1. Lie distal to elastic arteries
  2. 1 cm to 0.3 mm
  3. Most named arteries
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9
Q

What are some unique physical features of the Muscular (distributing) arteries?

A

Tunica media is thick, has external and internal elastic laminae

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10
Q

What is the diameter range of arterioles?

A

0.3 mm to 10 um

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11
Q

Do larger arterioles possess all 3 tunics?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What controls the diameters of arterioles?

A

Local factors in the tissues and the sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels? What is the diameter range for them?

A

Capillaries; 8 to 10 um

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14
Q

How do red blood cells pass through capillaries?

A

Single file

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15
Q

What are the 4 site specific functions of capillaries?

A
  1. Lungs - oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves
  2. Small intestines - receive digested nutrients
  3. Endocrine glands - pick up hormones
  4. Kidneys - removal of nitrogenous wastes
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16
Q

What is the most common type of capillary? Where does it occur?

A

Continuous capillaries; occur in most organs

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17
Q

What joins epithelial cells in continuous capillaries?

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

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18
Q

What are intercellular clefts? What is their function?

A

Gaps of unjoined membranes that allow small molecules in and out of capillaries

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19
Q

In fenestrated capillaries, what are joined together? What do they have in their endothelium?

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes; have pores in endothelium

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20
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries mostly found/occur (name 3)?

A
  1. Intestines
  2. Glomeruli of kidneys
  3. Endocrine glands
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21
Q

What are sinusoids? What type of capillary is it? What are its intercellular clefts like?

A

Wide, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with intercellular clefts that are wide open found in some organs

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22
Q

Where do sinusoids occur? What are their physical characteristics?

A

Bone marrow and spleen; have a large diameter and twisted course

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23
Q

What are the 4 routes in and out of capillaries?

A
  1. Direct diffusion
  2. Through intercellular clefts
  3. Through cytoplasmic vesicles
  4. Through fenestrations
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24
Q

What type of capillary makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

Low-permeability capillaries

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25
Q

Describe the capillary in the blood brain barrier. What are its intercellular clefts like?

A

Capillaries have tight junctions and no intercellular clefts are present

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26
Q

What does is the blood brain barrier NOT a barrier against?

A

Oxygen, CO2, and some anesthetics

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27
Q

Vital molecules pass through the blood brain barrier due to _________________

A

Highly selective transport mechanism

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28
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Network of capillaries running through tissues

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29
Q

What regulates the flow of blood to tissues?

A

Precapillary spinchters

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30
Q

Tendons and ligaments are _______________

A

poorly vascularized

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31
Q

Epithelia and cartilage are ________________. Instead they, __________________

A

avascular; receive nutrients from nearby connective tissue

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32
Q

What are the functions of venous vessels?

A

Conducts blood from capillaries toward the heart

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33
Q

Blood pressure in venous vessels are ____________ than arteries

A

much lower

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34
Q

What is the diameter range for venules?

A

8 to 100 um

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35
Q

What are the smallest venules called?

A

Postcapillary venules

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36
Q

What percentage of blood is in the veins at any given time?

A

65%

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37
Q

What are the 4 structural differences between veins and arteries?

A
  1. Lumens are larger
  2. Tunica externa is thicker
  3. Less elastin in walls
  4. Walls are thinner
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38
Q

What are 2 mechanisms that counteract low venous pressure?

A
  1. Valves
  2. Skeletal muscle pump
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39
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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40
Q

In which veins, are valves NOT present?

A

Veins of thoracic and abdominal cavities

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41
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump work?

A

Muscles press against thin-walled veins

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42
Q

What do vessels interconnect to form?

A

Vascular anastomoses

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43
Q

Veins _________ more frequently than arteries

A

anastomose

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43
Q

What do neighboring arteries form? What do they provide?

A

Arterial anastomoses; provide collateral channels

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44
Q

Organs _________ blood from ______ than __________

A

receive; more; one arterial source

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45
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk leave? What does it divide into?

A

Right ventricle; divides into right and left pulmonary arteries

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46
Q

What do the superior and inferior pulmonary veins do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium

47
Q

_____________ have thinner walls than _____________

A

Vessels of pulmonary circuit; systemic vessels

48
Q

_____________ is lower in _________________

A

Maximum arterial pressure; pulmonary circuit

49
Q

What do systemic arteries do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

50
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

Aorta

51
Q

Where does the ascending aorta arise from? What does it branch into?

A

Left ventricle; branches into coronary arteries

52
Q

What artery lies posterior to the manubrium? What does it branch into?

A

Aortic arch
Branches into: Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian arteries

53
Q

What continues from the aortic arch?

A

Descending aorta

54
Q

What vertebrae regions does the thoracic aorta lie in?

A

T5-T12

55
Q

What does the abdominal aorta divide into?

A

Right and left common iliac arteries

55
Q

What vertebrae regions does the abdominal aorta end at?

A

L4

56
Q

What are the pairs of arteries that supply to the head and neck?

A

Carotid and subclavian arteries

57
Q

What do the subclavian arteries branch into? List all 3

A
  1. Vertebral arteries
  2. Thyrocervical trunk
  3. Costocervical trunk
58
Q

What is located in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Common carotid artery

59
Q

What are the 2 branches of the common carotid artery?

A

External and internal carotid arteries

60
Q

The external carotid artery branches into what 7 arteries?

A
  1. Superior thyroid artery
  2. Lingual artery
  3. Facial artery
  4. Occipital artery
  5. Posterior auricular artery
  6. Superficial temporal artery
  7. Maxillary artery
61
Q

The internal carotid artery branches into what 4 arteries?

A
  1. Ophthalamic artery
  2. Anterior cerebral artery
  3. Anterior communicating artery
  4. Middle cerebral artery
62
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery form?

A

Forms part of the cerebral arterial circle

63
Q

Where do the right and left subclavian arteries originate/arise from respectively?

A
  1. Originates from brachiocephalic trunk
  2. Arises as third branch from aortic arch
64
Q

What do the vertebral arteries do? What do they join to form?

A

Supply posterior brain; forms basilar artery

65
Q

What does the Basilar artery divide into?

A

2 posterior cerebral arteries

66
Q

What do the posterior communicating arteries connect together?

A

Posterior cerebral arteries to middle cerebral arteries

67
Q

Where does the thyrocervical trunk sends it branches (and how many)?

A

2 branches posteriorly over scapulae
1 branch anteriorly to the inferior part of the thyroid gland

68
Q

Where does the costocervical trunk send its branches?

A

1 branch superiorly to deep muscles of the neck
1 branch inferiorly to intercostal spaces

68
Q

What supplies the anterior thoracic walls?

A

Internal thoracic arteries

69
Q

What are the branches of the internal thoracic arteries called?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

70
Q

What arteries are the inferior nine pairs that arise from thoracic aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

71
Q

The __________ artery enters the __________ as the ______________ artery

A

subclavian; axilla; axillary

72
Q

What does the axillary artery become? Where does it become it?

A

Becomes: Brachial artery at inferior border of teres major

73
Q

What does the brachial artery divide into?

A

Radial and ulnar artery

74
Q

List the 8 arteries of the abdominal aorta

A
  1. Inferior phrenic arteries
  2. Celiac trunk
  3. Superior mesenteric artery
  4. Suprarenal arteries
  5. Renal arteries
  6. Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries
  7. Inferior mesenteric artery
  8. Common iliac arteries
75
Q

What are the 6 arteries of the pelvis and lower limbs

A
  1. Internal iliac arteries
  2. External iliac arteries
  3. Femoral artery
  4. Popliteal artery
  5. Anterior tibial artery
  6. Posterior tibial artery
76
Q

How many veins enter the right atrium?

A

3

77
Q

All medium and large arteries have ________ locations

A

Deep

78
Q

What are multivein bundles called?

A

Venous plexuses

79
Q

In areas with unusual patterns of venous plexuses, what drains the areas?

A
  1. Dural sinuses
  2. Hepatic portal system
80
Q

Where does the superior vena cava return blood from?

A

Body regions superior to the diaphragm

81
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava return blood from?

A

Body regions inferior to the diaphragram

82
Q

What chamber of the heart does the superior and inferior vena cava join?

A

Right atrium

83
Q

What are the 4 dural sinuses?

A
  1. Super and inferior sagittal sinuses
  2. Straight sinus
  3. Transverse sinus
  4. Sigmoid sinus
83
Q

What is the functional of the internal jugular vein?

A

Drains blood from brain

84
Q

Where does the internal jugular veins lie?

A

Superiorly it lies lateral to the internal carotid artery; inferiorly it lies lateral to the common carotid artery

85
Q

What is the function of the external jugular veins?

A

Tributaries drain the scalp and empty into the subclavian vein

86
Q

What are the 3 veins of the thorax?

A
  1. Azygos vein
  2. Hemiazygos vein
  3. Accessory hemiazygos vein
87
Q

With what paths and names do the deep veins share?

A

Companion arteries

88
Q

What are the 4 superficial veins of forearm?

A
  1. Cephalic Vein
  2. Basilic Vein
  3. Median Cubital Vein
  4. Median Vein of the Forearm
89
Q

What do superficial veins form frequently?

A

Anastomese

90
Q

Which vein is used to obtain blood of administer IV fluids?

A

Median cubital vein

91
Q

What are the 5 veins of the abdomen?

A
  1. Lumbar veins
  2. Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins
  3. Renal veins
  4. Suprarenal veins
  5. Hepatic veins
92
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

Specialized part of the vascular circuit

93
Q

What are the functions of the hepatic portal system?

A

Picks up digested nutrients and delivers it to the liver for processing

94
Q

How many capillary beds does the hepatic portal system have? Where are they located?

A

2 beds; located in stomach/intestines & liver sinusoids

95
Q

What are the 3 tributary veins of the hepatic portal vein?

A
  1. Superior mesenteric vein
  2. Splenic vein
  3. Inferior mesenteric vein
96
Q

What scarring and degeneration of liver leads to what?

A

Blockage of liver sinusoids

97
Q

What does blockage of liver sinusoids do?

A

Raises blood pressure in hepatic portal system (leads to portal hypertension)

98
Q

What does portal hypertension lead to?

A

Emergency anastomoses for portal blood

99
Q

What are the 3 main portal systemic anastomoses?

A
  1. Veins of inferior esophagus
  2. Hemorrhoidal veins
  3. Veins of superficial abdominal wall
100
Q

What are the 2 superficial veins?

A
  1. Great saphenous vein
  2. Small saphenous vein
101
Q

Where does the great saphenous and small saphenous vein empty into respectively?

A
  1. Great saphenous vein - Empties into Femoral vein
  2. Small saphenous vein - Empties into Popliteal vein
102
Q

What are 5 disorders of the blood vessels?

A
  1. Aneurysm
  2. Deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb
  3. Venous disease
  4. Microangiopathy of diabetes
  5. Arteriovenous malformation
103
Q

By which month are all the major blood vessels in place?

A

3

104
Q

Where does the fetus supply blood to?

A

Placenta

105
Q

Very little blood is sent through the ______________ for fetuses

A

pulmonary circuit

106
Q

Where do umbilical vessels run?

A

Umbilical cord

107
Q

What blood vessels in fetuses are paired vs unpaired?

A

Umbilical arteries - paired
Umbilical veins - unpaired

108
Q

Name 4 fetal structures

A
  1. Ductus venosus
  2. Ligamentum teres
  3. Ligamentum venosum
  4. Medial umbilical ligaments
109
Q

As the fetus grows, what changes/”shunts” away from the pulmonary circuit?

A

Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

110
Q

When does Atherosclerosis begins? When does its consequences become evident? List both male vs female

A

Begins in youth; evident in middle to old age

Between ages 45 and 65, more males experience atherosclerosis than females

111
Q
A

Fall 2024 (14 decks)

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