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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 23 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 groups are organs of the digestive system divided into? What organs are included in each group?

A
  1. Alimentary canal - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
  2. Accessory digestive organ - Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
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2
Q

Accessory organs are connected to the alimentary canal by ______. What do secretions do?

A
  1. Ducts
  2. Contribute to breakdown of foodstuffs
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3
Q

4 lines divide the abdominal wall into _______ regions

A

9

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4
Q

What is the vertical line, superior horizontal line, and inferior horizontal line respectively called? What does the latter two connect?

A

Midclavicular Line - Vertical line
Subcostal Plane - Superior horizontal line
Transtubercular Plane - Inferior horizontal line

Subcostal plane connects inferior points of costal margin.
Transtubercular plane connected tubercles of iliac crests.

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5
Q

What is a serous membrane called?

A

Peritoneum

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6
Q

What surrounds the digestive organs?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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7
Q

What lines the body walls?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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8
Q

What is a slitlike potential space called?

A

Peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

What is the double layer of peritoneum called?

A

Mesentery

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10
Q

What are the 3 main general functions of the Mesentery?

A
  1. Holds organ in place
  2. Sites of fat storage
  3. Provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves
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11
Q

What 2 parts fall under the Ventral mesenteries? What are their functions?

A
  1. Falciform Ligament - Binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall
  2. Lesser Omentum - Attaches liver to lesser curvature of stomach
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12
Q

What 3 parts are included under the Dorsal mesenteries? What are their functions?

A
  1. Greater Omentum - Connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall
  2. Transverse mesocolon - Holds transverse colon in place
  3. Sigmoid mesocolon - Connects the sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall
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13
Q

What is referred to as a “fatty apron”?

A

Greater Omentum

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14
Q

What are Peritoneal organs? Where are retroperitoneal organs located?

A
  1. Digestive organs that keep their mesentery
  2. Located behind the peritoneum
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15
Q

Where is Secondarily Retroperitoneal Organs initially formed? What do they become?

A
  1. Initially formed within peritoneum
  2. Become retroperitoneal and fuse to posterior abdominal wall
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16
Q

What occurs in the mouth?

A

Ingestion

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17
Q

What is the movement of food called?

A

Propulsion

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18
Q

What is the major means of propulsion called? Where does this occur/what happens while it’s occurring?

A

Peristalsis

Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract

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19
Q

Mechanical breakdown is the term for what? What are some examples of this?

A

Preparation of food for digestion

Chewing, churning good in stomach, segmentation

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20
Q

What is the term for rhythmic local constrictions of the intestine?

A

Segmentation

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21
Q

Chemical breakdown is the term for what? Where are the 3 places this occurs?

A

Complex molecules broken down to chemical components
1. Mouth
2. Stomach
3. Small intestine

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22
Q

The transport of digested nutrients is called?

A

Absorption

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23
Q

Elimination of indigestible substances as feces is called?

A

Defecation

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24
Q

What same 4 layers appear from the esophagus to the anus in regards to the alimentary canal wall?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Serosa
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25
Q

Name each of the 4 layers from innermost to outermost

A
  1. Mucosa - Innermost
  2. Submucosa - External to mucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa - External to submucosa
  4. Serosa - Outermost layer
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26
Q

What 3 things is the mucosa consisted of?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae
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27
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

Blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

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28
Q

What two layers does the muscularis externa contain? Which one is the innermost and which one is the outermost?

A
  1. Circular muscularis - Inner layer
  2. Longitudinal muscularis - Outer layer
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29
Q

What is another name/word for the serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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30
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue typically found?

A

Walls of viscera

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31
Q

List 3 qualities of smooth muscle tissue within the digestive system

A
  1. Fibers are elongated
  2. Have one centrally located nucleus
  3. Grouped into sheets
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32
Q

What 2 layers are made up of smooth muscle tissue? Describe their location in relation to the organ they surround

A
  1. Longitudinal muscularis - Parallel to long axis of organ
  2. Circular muscularis - Deeper layer, fibers run around circumference of organ
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33
Q

What are the 3 steps to smooth muscle contraction?

A
  1. Myofilaments operate by interaction with cytoskeleton
  2. Sliding myofilaments shorten the muscle cell by pulling on cytoskeleton
  3. Entry of Ca2+ into sarcoplasm stimulates contraction
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34
Q

Dense bodies correspond to _______?

A

Z-discs of skeletal muscles

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35
Q

What is muscle contraction like? What is smooth muscle contraction resistant to?

A

Slow and sustained

Resistant to fatigue

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36
Q

How long do smooth muscle of arteries and visceral organs have to sustain themselves?

A

Contraction must be sustained over long periods of time

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37
Q

How long does smooth muscle contraction take to decompress?

A

Takes 30x longer to contract and relax

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38
Q

What are the energy requirements for smooth muscle contraction? Why is it this way?

A

Energy requirements are low, because mitochondria are not abundant

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39
Q

What innervates smooth muscle?

A

ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)

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40
Q

What is single-unit innervation?

HINT: Name 2 facts and compare it to multi-unit innervation

A

Few fibers per sheet innervated and sheet of smooth muscle contracts as a unit

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41
Q

What is multi-unit innervation? What muscles are innervated this way?

A

Each smooth muscle cell innervated
1. Iris of eye
2. Arrector pili muscles

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42
Q

Where does the myenteric nerve plexus located? What does it control?

A
  1. Between circular and longitudinal muscularis
  2. Controls peristalsis and segmentation
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43
Q

Where does the submucosal nerve plexus lie? What is its function?

A
  1. Lies in submucosa
  2. Signals glands to secrete
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44
Q

Nerve plexuses are innervated by what 3 fibers?

A
  1. Sympathetic motor fibers
  2. Parasympathetic motor fibers
  3. Visceral sensory fibers
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45
Q

What lines the oral cavity?

A

Mucosa-lined cavity

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46
Q

What type of tissue is the mucosal layer consisted of? The mucosal layer of the oral cavity also includes ______

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
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47
Q

What 2 muscles form the lips and cheeks?

A
  1. Orbicularis oris
  2. Buccinator
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48
Q

What connects the lips to the gum?

A

Labial frenulum

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49
Q

What forms the roof of the mouth?

A

Palate

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50
Q

What are the 2 boundaries of the fauces?

A
  1. Palatoglossal arches
  2. Palatopharyngeal arches
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51
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the tongue within the digestive system?

A
  1. Grips food and repositions it
  2. Helps form some consonants
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52
Q

What is the tongue made of?

A

Interlacing fascicles of skeletal muscles

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53
Q

What kind of muscles are within the tongue? What about those external to the tongue?

A
  1. Intrinsic muscles - within tongue
  2. Extrinsic muscles - external to the tongue
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54
Q

What secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum

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55
Q

What 3 papillae make up the tongue papillae? Which one has no taste buds?

A
  1. Filiform papillae - no taste buds
  2. Fungiform papillae
  3. Vallate papillae
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56
Q

What marks the border between the mouth and pharynx?

A

Sulcus terminalis

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57
Q

What lines the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? Where does it lie?

A

Lingual tonsil in oropharynx

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58
Q

What are the first 20 teeth called? When do they first appear?

A

Deciduous teeth; 6 months of age

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59
Q

What are the 32 teeth called? When do they first appear?

A

Permanent teeth; most erupt by end of adolescence

60
Q

What does the dental formula represent?

A

Shorthand formula for adult dentition that indicates number and position of teeth

61
Q

The upper teeth are innervated by what nerves?

A

Superior alveolar nerves branching from maxillary division of CN V

62
Q

The lower teeth are innervated by what nerves?

A

Inferior alveolar nerves branching from mandibular branch of CN V

63
Q

What is the arterial supply to the teeth?

A

Superior and inferior alveolar arteries branching from maxillary arteries

64
Q

What is the term for the exposed surface of a tooth?

A

Crown

65
Q

What is the term for the part of the tooth in the tooth socket?

A

Root

66
Q

What is the outer layer of the tooth called?

A

Enamel

67
Q

What layer lies beneath the enamel?

A

Dentin

68
Q

What is the center of the tooth called?

A

Pulp cavity

69
Q

What is another name for the salivary/mucous glands?

A

Compound tubuloalveolar glands

70
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands? Where do they lie and what type of cells do they contain?

A
  1. Parotid glands - contain serous cells | parotid duct is parallel to zygomatic arch
  2. Submandibular glands - Lies along medial surface of mandible
  3. Sublingual glands - contain primarily mucous cells | lie in floor of oral cavity
71
Q

What 2 parts of the digestive system does the pharynx contain? What are their functions and what type of tissue are they lined with?

A
  1. Oropharynx
  2. Laryngopharynx
    Passages for air and food
    Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
72
Q

The external muscle layer of the pharynx consists of what?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

73
Q

In gross anatomy, what is another name for the esophagus?

A

Muscular tube

74
Q

Where does the esophagus begin? What does it join?

A

Begins as continuation of the pharynx and joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragram

75
Q

What closes the lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus?

A

Cardiac sphincter

76
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epithelium of the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

77
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do?

A

Closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus

78
Q

When the esophagus is empty, where is the mucosa and submucosa located?

A

In longitudinal folds

79
Q

What is another word for salivary/tubuloalveolar glands?

A

Mucous glands

80
Q

The muscularis externa is consisted of what type of muscle for which of its sections (respectively)?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle - First 1/3
  2. Mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle - Middle 1/3
  3. Smooth muscle - Inferior 1/3
81
Q

What is the most external layer of the esophagus called?

A

Adventita

82
Q

What is the function of the stomach? How long does food remain in it?

A

Site where food is churned into chyme; food remains for approximately 4 hours

83
Q

What is secreted to begin protein digestion? What conditions does it function under?

A

Secretion of pepsin begins protein digestion; functions under acidic conditions

84
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardial part
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric part
85
Q

The muscularis of the stomach has what 3 layers?

A
  1. Circular layer
  2. Longitudinal layer
  3. Oblique layer
86
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epithelium of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

87
Q

The mucosa of the stomach is dotted with what? What is deep to it?

A

Gastric pits; gastric glands deep to gastric pits

88
Q

The gastric glands of the fundus and body have what 3 types of cells? What does each one secrete?

A
  1. Mucous neck cells - secrete special mucus
  2. Parietal (oxyntic) cells - secrete hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor
  3. Chief (zymogenic) cells - secrete pepsinogen
89
Q

Pepsinogen is activated to become what? When does it activate?

A

Activated to pepsin when it encounters acid in the gastric glands

90
Q

What is the longest portion of the alimentary canal?

A

Small intestine

91
Q

The small intestine is the site of __________?

A

Most enzymatic digestion and absorption

92
Q

What 2 fibers is the small intestine innervated from? Which nerves do these fibers come from?

A
  1. Parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve
  2. Sympathetic fibers from thoracic splanchnic nerves
93
Q

What 2 ducts enter the duodenum? What does the duodenum receive?

A
  1. Main pancreatic duct
  2. Common bile duct
    Receives digestive enzymes and bile
94
Q

What do sphincters do?

A

Control entry of bile and pancreatic juices

95
Q

What are transverse ridges of the mucosa and submucosa called?

A

Circular folds

96
Q

What are villi? What type of tissue are they covered in?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

97
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Further increases surface area for absorption

97
Q

Where do epithelial cells secrete intestinal juice?

A

Intestinal crypts

98
Q

What are the 3 main cells found within the intestinal wall? What are their functions?

A
  1. Absorptive enterocytes - uptake digested nutrients
  2. Goblet cells - secrete mucus that lubricates chyme
  3. Enteroendocrine cells - secretes hormones
99
Q

What increases surface area for absorption?

A

Microvilli

99
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Absorb water and electrolytes

100
Q

What is digestion in the large intestine done by and what does the digested residue contain?

A

Small amount of digestion by bacteria, with digested residue containing few nutrients

101
Q

Digested residue is forced towards where via what kind of movement?

A

Mass peristaltic movements force feces towards rectum

102
Q

What is the thickening of longitudinal muscularis within the large intestine called?

A

Teniae coli

103
Q

The puckering within the small intestine is created by? The subsequent created segments are called?

A

Teniae coli; Haustra

104
Q

What are fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum called?

A

Epiplotic appendages

105
Q

What is the blind pouch that is the beginning of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

106
Q

What type of tissue is the anal canal lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

107
Q

What part of the large intestine contains lymphoid tissue and neutralizes pathogens?

A

Appendix

108
Q

What descends along the inferior half of the sacrum?

A

Rectum

109
Q

What is the arterial supply for the first half of the large intestine?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

110
Q

What nerves does the first half of the large intestine sympathetic and parasympathetic (respectively) innervate from?

A
  1. Sympathetic - superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia
  2. Parasympathetic - vagus nerve
111
Q

What is the arterial supply for the distal half of the large intestine?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

112
Q

What nerves does the distal half of the large intestine sympathetic and parasympathetic (respectively) innervate from?

A
  1. Sympathetic - inferior mesenteric and hypogastric plexuses
  2. Parasympathetic - pelvic splanchic nerves
113
Q

What are 2 distinct features of the large intestine?

A

Villi are absent and it contains numerous goblet cells

114
Q

Intestinal crypts contain?

A

Simple tubular glands

115
Q

What type of tissue is the large intestine lined with? Where does it change and what does it change into?

A

Simple columnar epithelial tissue changes at the anal canal into stratified squamous epithelium

116
Q

What is the largest gland in the body? How many functions does it have? What are 3 of those functions?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Over 500 functions
  3. Digestive function, bile production, and many metabolic functions
117
Q

What are functional cells of the liver called?

A

Hepatocyte

118
Q

The portal triad is composed of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Bile duct tributary
  2. Branch of hepatic portal vein
  3. Branch of hepatic artery
119
Q

What cells destroy bacteria in the liver?

A

Hepatic macrophages

120
Q

Name 7 functions of hepatocytes

A
  1. Rough ER manufactures blood proteins
  2. Smooth ER produces bile salts, detoxifies poisons
  3. Peroxisomes detoxify poisons (alcohol)
  4. Golgi apparatus packages secretory products
  5. Mitochondria provide energy for liver processes
  6. Glycosomes store sugar
  7. Great capacity for regeneration
121
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

122
Q

Where does the gallbladder expel bile into? The bile does what to fats?

A

Expels bile into duodenum

Bile emulsifies fats

123
Q

What is released from enteroendocrine cells in response to fatty chyme?

A

Cholecystokinin

124
Q

What are the 2 endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  1. Produces insulin and glucagon
  2. Regulates blood sugar
125
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Produces most enzymes that digest food in the small intestine

126
Q

How would you describe the pancreas?

HINT: Has to do with approximate location

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal

127
Q

What extends the length of the pancreas?

A

Main pancreatic duct

128
Q

The main pancreatic duct joins the bile duct to form? Where does this empty into?

A

Forms hepatopancreatic ampulla which empties into the duodenum

129
Q

Where is the pancreas’ arterial supply?

A

Hepatic, splenic, and superior mesenteric arteries

130
Q

EXOCRINE FUNCTION: What cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes? Where are these enzymes activated?

A

Acinar cells

They are activated in duodenum

131
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A

Erosions of the mucosa of a region of the alimentary canal

132
Q

Where do gastric ulcers occur?

A

Pyloric region of stomach

133
Q

What occurs in the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

Duodenal ulcers

134
Q

Peptic ulcers are caused by what bacteria? What is an important trait of this bacteria?

A

Helicobacter pylori

Acid-resistant

135
Q

Where does H. pylori bind to? What does this cause?

A

Binds to gastric epithelium

Induces oversecretion of acid and inflammation

136
Q

What are 2 disorders that are the inflammation of the intestinal wall?

A
  1. Crohn’s disease
  2. Ulcerative colitis
136
Q

What disorder has jaundice and flulike symptoms? What are the 4 major types of this disease?

A

Viral Hepatitis

Type A, B, C, and G

137
Q

What happens with the pancreas when you have cystic fibrosis?

A

Pancreatic ducts become blocked with mucus

138
Q

What 2 things occur as a result of mucus blocking your pancreatic ducts?

A
  1. Prevent pancreatic juices from entering small intestine
  2. Malabsorption of fats and other nutrients
139
Q

When is the alimentary canal formed? What is enclosed when it forms?

A

Formed in week 3; encloses tubular portion of yolk sac

140
Q

What are the 3 regions of the gut?

A

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut

141
Q

What is the landmark that divides the 3 gut regions?

A

Vitelline duct

142
Q

What 2 symptoms can occur in middle age?

A

Gallstones and ulcers

143
Q

What 4 things occur in old age as the activity of digestive organs decline?

A
  1. Fewer digestive juices and enzymes are produced
  2. Absorption of less efficient
  3. Dehydration of fecal mass leads to constipation
  4. Diverticulosis and cancer of digestive organs

Fall 2024 (13 decks)

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