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Fall 2024 > CHM 60 - Quiz 3 > Flashcards

CHM 60 - Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Long chain D-glucose molecules

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2
Q

What are 3 traits of polysaccharides?

A
  1. can be found in animals/some plants
  2. some may be branched
  3. most contain alpha-glycosidic bonds, except cellulose
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3
Q

What is D-glucose?

A

Most naturally occurring form of glucose

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4
Q

What is amylose made out of?

A

plants, ~20% starch

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5
Q

What is amylopectin made out of?

A

plants, 80% starch

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6
Q

What is glycogen made out of?

A

animals; polymer of D-glucose that is stored in liver and muscles

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7
Q

What is another name for cellulose?

A

Fiber plants

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8
Q

What are 3 traits of amylose?

A
  1. 250-4000 D-glucoses
  2. Unbranched; coils into helix
  3. Alpha-glycosidic bonds
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9
Q

What are 3 traits of amylopectin?

A
  1. Branched polysaccharides
  2. Similar length to amylose
  3. Alpha-glycosidic bonds
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10
Q

What are 3 traits of glycogen?

A
  1. Hydrolyzed in cells to provide glucose (energy)
  2. Structure similar to amylopectin, but has more branches
  3. Alpha-glycosidic bonds
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11
Q

What are 3 traits of cellulose?

A
  1. Unbranched; contains Beta-glycosidic bonds between glucose units
  2. Humans are unable to hydrolyze Beta-glycosidic bonds
  3. Not soluble in H2O; swells in H2O, but does not dissolve
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12
Q

What does lipos mean?

A

Fat

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13
Q

What are 2 characteristics of lipids?

A
  1. Not soluble in H2O or any aqueous solution
  2. Non-polar
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14
Q

What are the 2 functions of lipids?

A
  1. Components of cellular membrane, component in fat soluble vitamins; steroid hormones
  2. Can be used as secondary source of energy
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15
Q

What is the structure of a lipid with fatty acid like?

A

No rings

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16
Q

What falls under the category of Lipids that contain fatty acids?

HINT: 3 types

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Waxes
    3.Triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
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17
Q

What is the structure of a lipid that do not contain fatty acids? What CAN it contain?

A

Contains a steroid core/nucleus and ring system

May contain S-ring structure

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18
Q

What falls under the category of Lipids that do not contain fatty acids?

HINT: 2 types

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Bile salts
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19
Q

What are fatty acids? What are they the end product of?

A

Components of lipids; end product of lipid digestion

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20
Q

What functional group do fatty acids contain?

A

Carboxylic acid

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21
Q

How many carbons are fatty acids in length? How many carbons do the biologically important ones have?

A

12-18 carbons
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT: 16-18 carbons

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22
Q

The notation for 18:0 means what?

A

Saturated fatty acid

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23
Q

The notation for 16:1 means what?

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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24
Q

What does carboxylic acid look like?

A

O
Double-bond
C - OH

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25
Q

What is a physical property of a saturated fatty acid?

A
  1. Stays solid at room temperature
  2. Able to be packed tightly
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26
Q

What is also known as animal fat?

A

Stearic acid

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27
Q

What forces allow saturated fatty acids to stay solid at room temperature? This gives them the ability to?

A

Strong intermolecular forces between C-C TAILS

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28
Q

As a result of strong attraction between bonds, what 2 traits do saturated fatty acids have in comparison to unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Have higher melting point and boiling point than unsaturated fatty acids

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29
Q

What kind of fatty acids are not synthesized in the body? Where are they obtained from?

A

Essential Fatty Acids must be obtained from diet

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30
Q

What fatty acid stays solid at room temperature?

A

Stearic acid

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31
Q

What kind of bonds are naturally occurring?

A

Cis-double bonds

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32
Q

What do cis-double bonds create and where do they create them? What pattern does this create?

A

Kink or bend in fatty acid tail; “irregular” pattern

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33
Q

What are 2 saturated fatty acids?

A
  1. Lauric acid
  2. Stearic acid
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34
Q

What is also known as coconut oil?

A

Lauric acid

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35
Q

What is the melting point of lauric acid and stearic acid respectively?

A
  1. Lauric acid - 44 C
  2. Stearic acid - 69 C
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36
Q

What happens to the tails in cis-double bonds?

A

Unable to pack tightly due to weak intermolecular forces

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37
Q

What does NOT form any kinks or bends?

A

Trans Fats

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38
Q

Trans Fats resembles what? What are they able to do?

A

Saturated fatty acids; able to pack tightly

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39
Q

Are Trans Fats typically found in nature?

A

No

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40
Q

What are type of bonds are typically liquid at room temperature? Where are they found?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids; plant oils

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41
Q

Why are unsaturated bonds unable to pack?

A

Unable to pack due to cis double bonds

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42
Q

The more number of double bonds, the _______ the melting point

A

lower

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43
Q

What is the melting points for (respectively:
18:1 Monounsaturated
18:3 Polyunsaturated

A

18:1 Monounsaturated: 0 C
18:3 Polyunsaturated: -11 C

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44
Q

What are 4 uses for wax?

A
  1. Car wax
  2. Furniture wax
  3. wax on produce
  4. coatings on animal fur
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45
Q

Waxes are lipids derived from?

A

Long chain alcohol and long chain fatty acid

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46
Q

What is the structure of an ester?

A

O
double bond
C - O

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47
Q

What is the structure of a wax?

A

Esters of saturated fatty acids and long chain alcohol

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48
Q

In esterification, what molecule is created a byproduct?

A

Water (H2O)

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49
Q

Esterification is what kind of process?

A

“Combination”

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50
Q

What is the function of Triglycerides/Triacylglycerols?

A

Store energy in the body

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51
Q

What kind of animals rely on triacyclglycerols when they sleep?

A

Hibernating animals

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52
Q

acyl means?

A

ester

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53
Q

In what kind of tissue can triglycerides be found?

A

Adipose tissue

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54
Q

What are 2 things that triglycerides can do?

A
  1. Can be hydrolyzed to produce fatty acids
  2. Fatty acids can be used for energy
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55
Q

Triacylglycerol means?

A

3 esters of glycerol

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56
Q

What is the structure of glycerol NOT including the hydrogens?

A

3 carbons, 3 OH groups, trialcohol

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57
Q

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids results in what?

A

Triacylglycerol + 3H2O

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58
Q

What is the “backbone” of a triacylglycerol?

A

CH2 - O

59
Q

What process can “reverse” the esterification of triacylglycerol? What enzyme is typically used for this process?

A

Hydrolysis; lipase

60
Q

What are the 2 classes of triacylglycerol?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Oils
61
Q

Fats are mainly found in? What are their properties pertaining to room temperature?

A

Animals

Solid at room temperature

62
Q

Oils are mainly found in? What are their properties pertaining to room temperature?

A

Plants

Liquid at room temperature

63
Q

Fats contain ___________? Oils contain _____________?

A

Fats: High amount of saturated fatty acids
Oils: High amount of unsaturated fatty acids

64
Q

What “oil” stays solid at room temperature? This is because?

A

Coconut oil

Contains almost entirely saturated fatty acids

65
Q

What is the tail of a fatty acid like?

A

(CH2)n

66
Q

What occurs to fatty acids in hydrogenation?

A

Double bonds on fatty acid tail are converted to single bonds

67
Q

Commercially liquid vegetable oils are converted to solid fats such as margarine by which process?

A

Hydrogenation

68
Q

Hydrogenation of the double bonds in unsaturated fats requires a catalyst. True or False?

A

True

69
Q

Trans fats are a side product of what reaction?

A

Hydrogenation

70
Q

Hydrogenation of the double bonds in saturated fats requires a catalyst. True or False?

A

False

71
Q

HOW are trans fats formed?

A

During hydrogenation, some cis double bonds are converted into trans double bonds

72
Q

Trans fats have a ________ impact on cholesterol levels

A

negative

73
Q

What is the “opposite” reaction to esterification?

A

Hydrolysis

74
Q

How many ester bonds are broken in hydrolysis?

A

3

75
Q

What kind of reaction is Saponification?

A

Soap forming reaction; type of base hydrolysis

76
Q

The tail of a triacylglycerol is the nonpolar end. True or False?

A

True

77
Q

What are the products of Saponification? Which one acts as soap to remove grease?

A

Glycerol + 3 salts of fatty acids

Salts act as soap to remove grease

78
Q

Polar = ?
Nonpolar = ?

What do each one interact with respectively?

A

Polar = Hydrophilic = Interacts with H2O
Nonpolar = Hydrophobic = Interacts with grease

79
Q

What is another name for synthetic soap? It contains both _______ and _________ components in structure

A

Sodium Laurent sulfate; polar and nonpolar

80
Q

The steroid nucleus uses what system? What are the 4 ‘labels’ included in this system? What are their structures respectively?

A

4 ring system
A = cyclohexane
B = cyclohexane
C = cyclohexane
D = cyclopentane

81
Q

What is a the most steroidal lipid called?

A

Cholesterol

82
Q

Cholesterols are the most abundant steroid in the body. True or False?

A

True

83
Q

What is cholesterol essential for?

A

Synthesis of vitamins and brain function

84
Q

How is cholesterol obtained and what is it synthesized by?

A

Obtained in diet and synthesized in liver

85
Q

A diet high in ______________ may lead to elevated cholesterol. If elevated, what does it cause?

A

saturated fats; causes atherosclerosis (artery blockage, which leads to plaque)

86
Q

What is the normal cholesterol level?

A

<200 mg/dL (total cholesterol)

87
Q

Lipids are not soluble in ____ which allows them to be transported by what system?

A

H2O; Lipid Transport System

88
Q

What binds lipids and transports them in the body?

A

Lipoproteins

89
Q

What is the ratio of lipoprotein density look like?

A

LDL

90
Q

LDL means? What kind of cholesterol is it? What is its function?
HDL means? What kind of cholesterol is it? What is its function?

A

HDL (High density lipoprotein) - “Good” cholesterol
1. Transports excess cholesterol from cells back to liver

LDL (Low density lipoprotein) - “Bad” cholesterol
1. Transports cholesterol from liver to cells

91
Q

What do trans fats contain? What do they do?

A

Contain “trans” double bond

Low HDL level, raise LDL level

92
Q

How many methyl groups does cholesterol have? It has what chain? Where is the chain located?

A

2; alkyl chain located on D-ring (cyclopentane)

93
Q

What are the 3 functions of bile salts?

A
  1. Emulsify fats
  2. Help to absorb cholesterol
  3. Make lipids water soluble
94
Q

Where are bile salts synthesized and stored?

A

Synthesized in liver, stored in gallbladder

95
Q

Elevated cholesterol levels leads to formation of?

A

Gall stones

96
Q

Polar component of bile salts contains?

A

Sodium salt

97
Q

Nonpolar component of bile salts contains?

A

Amide and main structure

98
Q

What are the 7 classes of proteins? What are their functions?

A
  1. Structural - provides structure and integrity
  2. Contractile - muscle contraction
  3. Transport - movement of substances
  4. Storage - storage of nutrients
  5. Hormone - regulate biological systems
  6. Enzymatic - act as enzymes to catalyze reactions
  7. Protection - immune response
99
Q

What are the 7 classes of proteins? What is an example of each one?

A
  1. Structural - collagen
  2. Contractile - actin and myosin
  3. Transport - hemoglobin and lipoproteins
  4. Storage - ferratin
  5. Hormone - insulin
  6. Enzymatic - lactase
  7. Protection - immunoglobins
100
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Oleic

101
Q

What lipid gives a single molecule of fatty acid when hydrolyzed?

A

Wax

102
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fat?

A

Trilinolein

103
Q

The tail of a triaglycerol is the nonpolar end. True or False?

A

True

104
Q

What statement is NOT true about lipids?

A

All lipids contain fatty acids

105
Q

What lipid does not contain a fatty acid?

A

Cholesterol; steroids

106
Q

What are the products of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of fat?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

107
Q

In a lock-and-key model of enzyme action, enzyme active site is thought of as?

A

rigid, nonflexible shape that fits the substrate exactly

108
Q

“Physiological pH” - pH for optimum activity for most enzymes is equal to?

A

7.4

109
Q

Most enzymes are deactivated permanently above a temperature of about?

A

50 C

110
Q

What is the first step in enzyme action?

A

Formation of an enzyme-substrate complex

111
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

112
Q

How many different amino acids are there? They all have the same structure except at?

A

20 different amino acids; except at R-group (side chain)

113
Q

How many different R-groups are there?

A

20 different R groups

114
Q

Where is the “side chain” typically located? Where is it NOT located?

A

Middle of chain; NOT a functional group

115
Q

What 2 functional groups do amino acids have?

A

Amine and carboxylic acid

116
Q

Amino acids undergo ionization to become?

A

Zwitterion (ionized group)

117
Q

What 2 groups make up the structure of physiological pH? Which is negative and which is positive? What is the overall charge of the pH in our body?

A
  1. Ammonium group - positive
  2. Carboxylate ions - negative
  3. Overall neutral, but has changes
118
Q

What are the 3 classifications based on structure of R-group? What are their qualities and what do they contain in the R-group?

A
  1. Nonpolar (hydrophobic) - H, alkyl, aromatic
  2. Polar (hydrophile) - alcohol, amide, thiol
  3. Acidic or Basic - based on charge in R group
119
Q

What are the 4 levels of structures of proteins? Which ones must be present to have the protein be biologically active?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary

All levels must be present to have biologically active protein

120
Q

What is the primary structure? What are they connected to each other by? What are these bonds formed from?

A
  1. Sequence of amino acids
  2. Amino acids connected to each other by peptide bond
  3. Amide formation
121
Q

What is the “formula” for amide formation?
(HINT: There are 2 amino acids)

A

carboxylic acids + amine ———> amide + H2O

122
Q

What are proteins also known as?

A

Polypeptides

123
Q

What happens DURING formation of peptide/amide bond?

A

Negative oxygen from 1st amino acid is dropped and positive 2 hydrogens are dropped. They are then bonded together

124
Q

What is the byproduct of a peptide/amide bond?

A

H2O

125
Q

Which side of a peptide/amide bond is the N-terminus? Which one is the C-terminus?

A

N-Terminus is left most group, C-Terminus is right most group

126
Q

Given Serine and Alanine, how would you name it? Why?

A

Serylalanine
1. N-Terminus amino acid has ending dropped and -yl added
2. Written together as one word

127
Q

Given Serine and Alanine, how would you name it? Why?

A

Serylalanine
1. N-Terminus amino acid has ending dropped and -yl added
2. Written together as one word

128
Q

What was the first protein to have its primary structure identified?

A

Insulin

129
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

3-D shape of polypeptide chain

130
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

3-D ape of polypeptide chain

131
Q

What are the 3 types of secondary structure?

A
  1. Alpha-helix
  2. B-pleated sheet
  3. Triple helix
132
Q

What is an alpha-helix? What is it held together by?

A
  1. Helical structure of polypeptide chain
  2. Held together by hydrogen bonds
133
Q

What is a B-pleated sheet? How are bonds formed and what is its appearance?

A
  1. A polypeptide chain folds
  2. H-bonds are formed side-by-side
  3. Create a pleated appearance
134
Q

What is a triple helix?

A

3 alpha-helices woven together

135
Q

What is tertiary structure? What is this structure determined by?

A

Overall folding; cross-links

136
Q

What are cross-links? What are the 5 types of cross-links and how are they formed?

A

Attractive forces
1. Hydrophilic interactions - Forms between outside H2O and polar amino acid
2. Hydrophobic interactions - Forms between 2 nonpolar amino acids
3. Salt Bridge - Ionic interaction between positive charged R group and negative charged R group
4. Hydrogen bonds
5. Disulfide bonds - Forms covalent bond

137
Q

What do cross-links do that determines tertiary structure?

A

Link different parts of polypeptide chain causing it to fold

138
Q

What is needed in disulfide bonds and how many? What functional group do these contain?

A
  1. Requires 2 cysteine amino acids
  2. Cysteines contain -SH (thiol)
139
Q

What are Quaternary structures?

A

Only proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain

140
Q

What is each polypeptide chain in quaternary structures called? What holds them together?

A
  1. Subunits
  2. Cross-links like in tertiary structure
141
Q

Hemoglobin have 4 subunits. What type of subunits are these and how many respectively?

A
  1. 2 alpha-helices
  2. 2 B-pleated sheets
142
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Loss of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

143
Q

When a protein is denatured; it no longer is? What does it act as?

A
  1. Protein is no longer biologically active
  2. Acts as source of amino acids
144
Q

What 4 things can cause denaturation?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Acids + Bases - Changes in pH
  3. Heavy metals - React with proteins causing them to form solids
  4. Organic compounds (alcohols)

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