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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 17 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What system interacts closely with the nervous system?

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

What are the organs of the endocrine system and what did they secrete?

A
  1. Disperse group of ductless glands
  2. Messenger molecules called hormones
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3
Q

What is the study of hormones and endocrine glands?

A

Endocrinology

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4
Q

Which 5 endocrine organs are pure endocrine organs?
(HINT: One of them has 2 parts)

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Pineal Gland
  3. Thyroid Gland
  4. Parathyroid Gland
  5. Adrenal Gland - Adrenal Cortex + Adrenal Medulla
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5
Q

Which 4 organs contain a large proportion of endocrine cells?
(HINT: Which is specifically part of the brain?)

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Thymus
  3. Gonads
  4. Hypothalamus - neuroendocrine organ
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6
Q

Which 4 organs contain some endocrine cells? What kind of origin is the endocrine cells?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Digestive Tract
  3. Kidneys
  4. Skin

Endocrine cells are of epithelial origin

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7
Q

What are the 2 classes of hormones? What are they derived from?

A
  1. Amino acid-based hormones
  2. Steroids - derived from cholesterol
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8
Q

What are 3 basic hormone actions?

A
  1. Circulate throughout the body in blood vessels
  2. Influence only specific tissue cells called target cells
  3. A hormone can have different effects on different target cells
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9
Q

Secretion is triggered by what 3 major types of stimuli?

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
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10
Q

What 3 things does Humoral stimuli do?

A
  1. Simplest of endocrine control mechanisms
  2. Secretion in direct response to changing ion or nutrient levels in the blood
  3. Parathyroid monitors calcium and responds to decline by secreting hormone to reverse decline
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11
Q

What 2 things does Neural stimuli do?

A
  1. Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in the adrenal medulla
  2. Induces release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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12
Q

What 2 things does Hormonal stimuli do?

A
  1. Stimuli received from other glands
  2. Certain hormones signal secretion of other hormones
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13
Q

The hypothalamus secretes hormones. What do these hormones do?

A
  1. Stimulate pituitary
  2. Stimulate other glands
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14
Q

What is hormonal secretion controlled by?

A

Feedback loops

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15
Q

More hormone is secreted when? Hormone production is halted when?

A
  1. Blood concentration declines below a minimum
  2. Blood concentration exceeds maximum
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16
Q

What does tropic mean?

A

Hormone causes another gland to release another hormone

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17
Q

What are the 9 hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

A
  1. FSH
  2. LH (Luteinizing hormone)
  3. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  4. TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating hormone)
  5. PRL (Prolactin)
  6. GH (Growth hormone)
  7. MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
  8. ADH (Anti-diuretic hormrone)
  9. Oxytocin
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18
Q

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus via what?

A

Infundibulum

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19
Q

What are the 2 basic divisions of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
  2. Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
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20
Q

How many divisions does the anterior lobe have? What are they?

A

3 major divisions:
1. Pars distalis
2. Pars intermedia
3. Pars tuberalis

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21
Q

How many divisions does the posterior lobe have? What are they?

A

2 major divisions
1. Pars nervosa
2. Infundibulum

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22
Q

What is the largest division of the anterior lobe?

A

Pars Distalis

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23
Q

The pars distalis contains how many endocrine cells? It makes and secretes how many hormones?

A

Contains 5 different endocrine cells

Makes and secretes 7 different hormones

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24
Q

What do tropic hormones do? What 4 hormones are tropic hormones?

A

Regulate hormone secretion by other glands

TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH

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25
Q

What 3 hormones act directly on nonendocrine target tissues?

A

GH, PRL, and MSH

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26
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is produced by what cells? What do these cells do?

A
  1. Thyrotropic cells
  2. Signals thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
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27
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help cope with stress

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28
Q

What do gonadotrophic cells produce? What 2 hormones fall under this category?

A

Gonadotrophins
1. FSH
2. LH

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29
Q

Growth hormone is also known as?

A

Somatotropic hormone

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30
Q

What are the 2 functions of growth hormone?

A
  1. Stimulates body growth by stimulating increased protein production and growth of epiphyseal plates
  2. Stimulates growth directly and indirectly by the liver’s secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1
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31
Q

What does melanocyte-stimulating hormone do in humans?

A

Appetite suppression

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32
Q

Somatotropic cells produce?

A

Growth hormone (somatotropic hormone)

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33
Q

Prolactin is produced by what cells? What does this hormone target and what is its function?

A

Prolactin cells

Targets milk-producing glands in the breast and stimulates milk production

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34
Q

What are endocrine cells in the pars distalis like?

A

Clustered in spheres and branching cords

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35
Q

What are the 5 cell types of the anterior lobe classified as?
(HINT: Only 3 classifications)

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Chromophobes
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36
Q

What controls secretion of anterior lobe hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete to exert control over the anterior lobe? What do these hormones do respectively?

A
  1. Releasing hormones - prompts anterior lobe to release hormones
  2. Inhibiting hormones - turns off secretion of anterior lobe hormones
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38
Q

Releasing hormones are secreted like?

A

Neurotransmitters

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39
Q

What is the path that releasing hormones travel?

A

Enters primary capillary plexus —> travels in hypophyseal portal veins to secondary capillary plexus —-> hormones secreted by anterior lobe enter general circulation and travels to target organs

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40
Q

Is the posterior lobe of pituitary gland structurally part of the brain?

A

Yes

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41
Q

What do the axons of the posterior lobe make up?

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

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42
Q

The hypothalamohypophyseal tract arises from what and in which part of the body?

A

Neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus

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43
Q

What 2 types of regions of the hypothalamus make up the hypothalamohypophyseal?

A
  1. Supraoptic nucleus
  2. Paraventricular nuclear
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44
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the posterior lobe? What does it NOT do?

A
  1. Stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus
  2. Does not make hormones
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45
Q

What 2 peptide hormones does the posterior lobe release?

A
  1. ADH
  2. Oxytocin
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46
Q

What is another name for ADH that is NOT antidiuretic hormone?

A

Vasopressin

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47
Q

Where is ADH made? What is its function?

A
  1. Supraoptic nucleus
  2. Targets kidneys to resorb water
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48
Q

Where is oxytocin made? What is its function?

A
  1. Paraventricular nucleus
  2. Induces smooth muscle contraction of reproductive organs, ejects milk during breast-feeding, and signals contraction of the uterus during childbirth
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49
Q

What is the largest purely endocrine gland? Where is it located?

A

Thyroid Gland; located in anterior neck

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50
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of? What 2 hormones does it produce?

A

Composed of follicles and areolar connective tissue
1. Thyroid Hormone (TH)
2. Calcitonin

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51
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

Lie on posterior surface of thyroid gland

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52
Q

What are the 2 types of endocrine cells that the parathyroid glands produce? What are their functions?

A
  1. Chief cells - Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) and increases blood concentration of Ca2+
  2. Oxyphil cells - function unknown
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53
Q

What are the pyramid-shaped glands located on the superior surface of each kidney called?

A

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

54
Q

The adrenal glands are supplied by how many suprarenal arteries?

A

60 suprarenal arteries

55
Q

The Adrenal gland’s nerve supply is almost exclusively _______

A

sympathetic fibers

56
Q

What is the cluster of neurons in the adrenal glands? What is it derived from and what system is it a part of?

A

Adrenal Medulla

Derived from: Neural crest
Part of sympathetic nervous system

57
Q

What do all adrenal hormones help with?

A

Helps body cope with danger, terror, or stress

58
Q

What forms the bulk of the adrenal gland? What is it derived from?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Derived from: Somatic mesoderm

59
Q

What are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons called?

A

Medullary chromaffin cells

60
Q

Medullary chromaffin cells secrete what type of hormones?
(HINT: There’s 2 of them)

A

Amine hormones
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine

61
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do? Where are they stored?

A

Enhances “fight-or-flight” response

Stored in secretory vesicles

62
Q

How are epinephrine and norepinephrine arranged and stored?

A

Arranged in spherical clusters and some branching cords

63
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete? What is the alternate name for them?

A

Secretes lipid-based steroid hormones

Corticosteroids

64
Q

What are the 3 layers (zones) of the adrenal cortex? How is each one arranged?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa - cells arranged in spherical clusters
  2. Zona fasciculata - cells arranged in parallel cords
  3. Zona reticularis - cells arranged in branching network
65
Q

What are the 2 main classes of adrenal corticosteroids?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids
    2.Glucocorticoids
66
Q

What is a mineralocorticoid that is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

67
Q

Aldosterone is secreted in response to?

A

In response to decline in blood volume or blood pressure

68
Q

Aldosterone is the terminal hormone of what mechanism?

A

Terminal hormone of renin-angiotensin mechanism

69
Q

Which adrenal cortex zone contains lipid droplets?

A

Zona fasciculata

70
Q

What is the main type of glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

71
Q

What 2 zones of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol?

A
  1. Zona fasciculata
  2. Zona reticularis
72
Q

What does the cortisol help with?

A

Helps body deal with stressful situations

73
Q

What is the small pinecone-shaped gland called? Where is it located?

A

Pineal Gland located on roof of diencephalon

74
Q

What within the pineal gland is arranged in spherical clusters and branching cords? What do they secrete?

A

Pinealocytes; secretes melatonin

75
Q

What is a characteristic of “pineal sand”?

A

Radiopaque

76
Q

What is pineal sand used for?

A

Used as a landmark to identify other brain structures in X-ray films

77
Q

What is melatonin used for?

A

Regulates circadian rhythm

78
Q

What is located in the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Pancreas

79
Q

What kind of cells does the pancreas contain?
(HINT: There’s 2)

A

Endocrine and exocrine cells

80
Q

What is another name for exocrine cells of the pancreas? What does it secrete?

A

Acinar cells - secretes digestive enzymes

81
Q

What is another name for endocrine cells of the pancreas? How many are there?

A

Pancreatic islets

About 4 million islets

82
Q

What are the 2 main cell types of the pancreas? What do they secrete?

A

Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin

83
Q

What are the 2 main functions of glucagon?

A
  1. Signals liver to release glucose from glycogen
  2. Raise blood sugars
84
Q

What are the 3 main functions of insulin?

A
  1. Signal most body cells to take up glucose from the blood
  2. Promote storage of glucose as glycogen in liver
  3. Lower blood sugars
85
Q

What are the 2 rare cell types found in pancreatic islets? What do they secrete?

A

Delta cells - secrete somatostatin
F cells - secrete pancreatic polypeptide

86
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

87
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

May inhibit exocrine activity of the pancreas

88
Q

What is located in the lower neck and anterior thorax?

A

Thymus

89
Q

Is the thymus an important immune organ?

A

Yes

90
Q

The thymus is the site at which what occurs?

A

Site at which T lymphocytes arise from precursor cells

91
Q

The transformation of _______ is stimulated by _________

A

The transformation of lymphocytes is stimulated by thymic hormones

92
Q

Thymic hormones are also known as?

A

Peptide molecules

93
Q

What are 2 types of thymic hormones?

A
  1. Thymopoietin
  2. Thymosin
94
Q

The gonads are the main sources of ________. What are the 2 main gonads?

A

Sex hormones
1. Ovaries
2. Testes

95
Q

What disorder is the hypersecretion of GH in children?

A

Gigantism

96
Q

What disorder is the hyposecretion of GH?

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

97
Q

What disorder is when the pars nervosa doesn’t release enough ADH?

A

Diabetes insipidus

98
Q

What kind of disorders do Gigantism, Pituitary Dwarfism, and Diabetes Insipidus fall under?

A

Pituitary Disorders

99
Q

What endocrine organ does diabetes affect?

A

Pancreas

100
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus caused by?
(HINT: 2 causes)

A
  1. Insufficient secretion of insulin
  2. Resistance of body cells to the effects of insulin
101
Q

What disorder is when a T cell-mediated autoimmune response destroys beta cells?

A

Type 1 Diabetes

102
Q

When does Type 1 diabetes develop?

A

Develops suddenly, usually before age 15

103
Q

What disorder is when cells have lowered sensitivity to insulin?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

104
Q

When does Type 2 diabetes develop?

A

Adult onset, usually occurs after age 40

105
Q

What can help control Type 2 diabetes?

A

Dietary changes and regular excercise

106
Q

What is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ Disease

107
Q

What happens when someone if afflicted with Graves’ disease?

A

Immune system makes abnormal antibodies which stimulate the oversecretion of TH by follicle cells

108
Q

What are the symptoms of Graves’ disease?

A

Nervousness, weight loss, sweating, and rapid heart rate

109
Q

What is the disorder known for adult hyperthyroidism?

A

Myxedema

110
Q

What happens when someone is afflicted with Myxedema?

A

Antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue

111
Q

What are common symptoms of Myxedema?

A

Low metabolic rate and weight gain

112
Q

What disorder is due to lack of iodine in the diet?

A

Endemic goiter

113
Q

What is hypothyroidism in children called?

A

Cretinism

114
Q

What are the symptoms of Cretinism?

A

Short, disproportionate body, thick tongue, and mental retardation

115
Q

What disorder is caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

115
Q

Graves’ Disease, Myxedema, Endemic goiter, and Cretinism are all disorders of what gland?

A

Thyroid Gland

116
Q

Addison’s disease is what kind of disorder? What is it a deficiency of?

A

Addison’s Disease; deficiency of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

117
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome and Addison’s Disease are both caused by what part of the endocrine system?

A

Adrenal Cortex

118
Q

Where does the thyroid gland form from?

A

Forms from thickening of endoderm on floor of pharynx

119
Q

Where does the parathyroid and thymus gland form from?

A

Forms from endoderm lining the pharyngeal pouches

120
Q

What does the pineal gland originate from?

A

Originates from ependymal cells

121
Q

Where does the pituitary gland originate from?
(HINT: One for adenohypophysis and one for neurohypophysis)

A
  1. Adenohypophysis originates from roof of mouth
  2. Neurohypophysis grows inferiorly from floor of brain
122
Q

Where does the adrenal gland originate from?
(HINT: One for adrenal medulla and one for adrenal cortex)

A
  1. Adrenal Medulla - From neural crest cells of nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia
  2. Adrenal Cortex - From mesodermal lining of coelum
123
Q

For how long does the endocrine organs function for within the human lifespan?

A

Operates effectively until old age

124
Q

As the anterior pituitary ages, what happens to it?
(HINT: 2 things occur)

A
  1. Increase in connective tissue and lipofuscin
  2. Decrease in vascularization and number of hormone-secreting cells
125
Q

As the adrenal cortex ages, what happens to it?

A

Normal rates of glucocorticoid secretion continue

126
Q

As the adrenal medulla ages, what happens to it?

A

No age-related changes in catecholamines

127
Q

As the thyroid hormones age, what happens to it?

A

Decreases slightly with age

128
Q

As the parathyroid glands age, what happens to it?

A

Little change with aging

129
Q

As FH, DHEA, and sex hormones age, what happens to them?

A

Marked drops in secretion with age

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