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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 22 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 basic functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Supplies body with oxygen
  2. Disposes of carbon dioxide
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2
Q

What are the 4 processes involved in respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport of respiratory gases
  4. Internal respiration
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3
Q

What are all of the respiratory organs?

A
  1. Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses
  2. Pharynx, larynx, trachea
  3. Bronchi and smaller branches
  4. Lungs and alveoli
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4
Q

What are the organs of the respiratory system divided into?

A
  1. Conducting Zone
  2. Respiratory Zone
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5
Q

What are the functions of the Conducting Zone?

A
  1. Respiratory passageways that convey air
  2. Filter, humidify, and warm incoming air
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6
Q

What is the of the Respiratory Zone? What structures does it include?

A
  1. Site of gas exchange in the lungs
  2. Includes structures that have alveoli
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7
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the nose?

A
  1. Provides an airway for respiration
  2. Moistens and warms air
  3. Filters inhaled air
  4. Resonating chamber for speech
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8
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the nose?

A
  1. Houses olfactory receptors
  2. Size variation due to differences in nasal cartilages
  3. Skin of nose is thin and contains many sebaceous glands
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9
Q

What is another ward for “external nares”?

A

Nostrils

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10
Q

What divides up the nasal cavity? What is the nasal cavity continuous with?

A
  1. Nasal septum
  2. Nasopharynx
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11
Q

What is another word for “posterior nasal apertures”?

A

Choanae

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of mucous membrane?

A
  1. Olfactory mucosa
  2. Respiratory mucosa
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13
Q

Name 2 characteristics of Olfactory Mucosa

A
  1. Near roof of nasal cavity
  2. Houses olfactory (smell receptors)
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14
Q

Name 2 characteristics of Respiratory Mucosa

A
  1. Lines nasal cavity
  2. Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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15
Q

What type of cells does the Respiratory Mucosa have? Where are these cells located?

A

Goblet cells within epithelium

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16
Q

What underlying layer does the Respiratory Mucosa have?

A

Lamina Propria

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17
Q

What are the glands in the Lamina Propria called? What kind of cells do they contain?

A
  1. Compound tubuloalveolar glands
  2. Mucous and serous cells
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18
Q

Sensory nerve endings from which nerve supply the respiratory mucosa?

A

Cranial Nerve V

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19
Q

Cilia of the epithelium of the respiratory mucous moves ___________ to the ______________

A

Contaminated mucus posteriorly; pharynx

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20
Q

What happens after contaminated mucous is moved to the pharynx?

A

Filtered particles and mucus are swallowed to eventually be digested by digestive juices in the stomach

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21
Q

The superior and middle nasal conchae are part of what bone?

A

Ethmoid bone

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22
Q

What inferior nasal conchae does what?

A

Separate bone

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23
Q

What projects medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

3 Nasal Conchae

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24
Q

What happens when inhaled air twists and turns through the nasal conchae?

A

Air’s particulate matter is deflected to mucus-coated surface where it becomes trapped

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25
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Incoming air is filtered, heated, and moistened

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26
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Moisture and heat are reclaimed

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27
Q

The paranasal sinuses are located within which bones?

A

Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid, Ethmoid bones

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28
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses open into?

A

Nasal Cavity

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29
Q

What is the funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth?

A

Pharynx

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30
Q

The Pharynx is divided into what 3 sections?

HINT: Named by location

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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31
Q

What changes along the length of the Pharynx?

A

Type of mucosal lining

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32
Q

What is superior to the point where food enters?

A

Nasopharynx

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33
Q

Which structure is only an air passageway?

A

Nasopharynx

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34
Q

Which structure closes off during swallowing?

A

Nasopharynx

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35
Q

What reflects superiorly in relation to the Nasopharynx?

A

Uvula

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36
Q

What organ is located on the posterior wall and destroys entering pathogens?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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37
Q

The Nasopharynx contains the opening to…?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube (Auditory tube)

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38
Q

What organ provides some protection from infection?

A

Tubal Tonsil

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39
Q

What is an archlike entranceway that extends from soft palate to epiglottis?

A

Fauces

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40
Q

What type of tissue is the Oropharynx made out of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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41
Q

What are the 2 types of tonsils in the oropharynx and where are they located?

A
  1. Palantine Tonsils - In lateral walls of the fauces
  2. Lingual Tonsils - Cover the posterior surface of the tongue
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42
Q

What is the passageway for both food and air?

A

Laryngopharynx

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43
Q

What type of tissue is the Laryngopharynx consisted of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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44
Q

What is continuous with the esophagus and larynx and extends to inferior boundary of cricoid cartilage?

A

Laryngopharynx

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45
Q

The Larynx extends from which vertebrae to which vertebrae?

A

4th to 6th cervical vertebrae

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46
Q

What is inferiorly continuous with the trachea?

A

Larynx

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47
Q

What attaches to the hyoid bone superiorly and opens into the laryngopharynx?

A

Larynx

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48
Q

What is the framework of the Larynx?

A

Framework is arrangement of nine cartilages

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49
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Larynx?

A
  1. Voice production
  2. Provides an open airway
  3. Routes air and food into the proper channels
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50
Q

What is shield-shaped and forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)?

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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51
Q

What are the 3 pairs of small cartilages?

A
  1. Arytenoid cartilages
  2. Corniculate cartilages
  3. Cuneiform cartilages
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52
Q

What structure tips inferiorly during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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53
Q

What are the 2 vocal ligaments of the larynx? What are their “functions”?

A
  1. Vocal folds (True vocal cords) - Act in sound production
  2. Vestibular folds (False vocal cords) - No role in sound production
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54
Q

What is the medial opening between the vocal folds called?

A

Rima gottidis

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55
Q

What is the medial opening between the vocal folds called?

A

Rima gottidis

56
Q

What are the 2 tissues of the larynx? What portion are they apart of?

A
  1. Stratified squamous - Superior portion
  2. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar - Inferior portion
57
Q

What 2 things happen during voice production?

A
  1. Length of the vocal cords changes with the pitch
  2. Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds
58
Q

What is abdominal straining, such as straining to defecate, abdominal muscles contraction, the glottis closing to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure called?

A

Valsalva’s manuveur

59
Q

How does Valsalva’s Manuveur affect the body?

A

Evacuates the rectum and helps stabilize trunk of the body when lifting a heavy load

60
Q

What is the larynx innervated by?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves, which are a branch of the vagus nerve

61
Q

What descends into the mediastinum?

A

Trachea

62
Q

What are the C-shaped cartilage on the trachea used for?

A

Keeps the airways open

63
Q

Where is the trachealis located?

A

Between open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea

64
Q

What is the carina?

A

Marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi

65
Q

What type of tissue is the carina made out of?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

66
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Extensively branching respiratory passageways

67
Q

What are the largest bronchi?

A

Primary bronchi (main bronchi)

68
Q

What is the defining feature of the right main bronchi compared to the left bronchi?

A

Wider and shorter than the left

69
Q

How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are on the left and right respectively?

A

3 on the right
2 on the left

70
Q

What branches into each lung SEGMENT?

A

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

71
Q

Define bronchiole

A

Little bronchi, less than 1mm in diameter

72
Q

How large are terminal bronchioles?

A

Less than 0.5mm in diameter

73
Q

As the conducting tubes become smaller, what 3 things happens?

A
  1. Supportive connective tissue changes by having C-shaped rings be replaced by cartilage plates
  2. Epithelium changes
  3. Smooth muscle becomes important
74
Q

When the epithelium changes due to the conducting tubes becoming smaller, what tissue type is it initially? What does it change into?

A
  1. Initially pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  2. Replaced by simple columnar
  3. Replaced by simple cuboidal epithelium
75
Q

As a result of the conducting tubes becoming smaller, how does the smooth muscle become important?

A
  1. Airways widens with sympathetic stimulation
  2. Airways constricts under parasympathetic direction
76
Q

What does the Respiratory Zone consist of?

A

Air-exchanging structures; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

77
Q

What is the function of respiratory bronchioles?

A

Gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent

78
Q

Where do respiratory bronchioles branch from? Where do they lead to?

A

Branch from: Terminal bronchioles
Lead to: Alveolar ducts, which lead to alveolar sacs

79
Q

About how many alveoli account for the tremendous surface area having to do with gas exchange?

A

~400 million

80
Q

What is the surface area of alveoli?

A

1500 square feet (~140 square meters)

81
Q

What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?

A
  1. Type I alveolar cells
  2. Type II alveolar cells
  3. Alveolar macrophages
82
Q

What type of tissue makes up Type I alveolar cells? How many layers are there?

A

Single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells

83
Q

What are Type I alveolar cells surrounded by?

A

Basal lamina

84
Q

What is the respiratory membrane made out of?

A

Alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina form

85
Q

What cells secrete surfactant? What is the function of surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cells

Surfactant reduces surface tension within alveoli

86
Q

What type of tissue makes up Type II alveolar cells?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

87
Q

What cells are scattered among type I alveolar cells?

A

Type II alveolar cells

88
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

Remove tiniest inhaled particles

89
Q

Where do alveolar macrophages migrate to? HOW do they migrate there?

A

Bronchi

Ciliary action takes them to pharynx

90
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Elastic fibers

91
Q

Alveoli are interconnected by way of ___________

A

alveolar pores

92
Q

Internal surfaces are a site for free movement of ______________

A

alveolar macrophages

93
Q

What are the 6 major landmarks of the lungs?

A
  1. Apex
  2. Base
  3. Hilum
  4. Root
  5. Left lung
  6. Right lung
94
Q

What is the superior tip of the lung?

A

Apex

95
Q

What is the concave inferior surface of the lung?

A

Base

96
Q

What is the region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lungs called?

A

Hilum

97
Q

What is the Hilum?

A

Indentation on the mediastinal surface

98
Q

The structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum are called _____

A

Root

99
Q

What structures is the root consisted of?

A

Blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves

100
Q

What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

A

Fissure oblique

101
Q

What is the depression that accommodates the heart?

A

Cardiac notch

102
Q

What are the 2 fissures of the right lung?

A

Oblique and horizontal fissures

103
Q

What delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

104
Q

What carries oxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

105
Q

What 3 fibers innervates the lungs? What are their functions?

A
  1. Parasympathetic - Constrict airways
  2. Sympathetic - Dilate airways
  3. Visceral sensory fibers
106
Q

What is the double-layered sac surrounding each lung? Which one is deeper and which one is more superficial?

A
  1. Parietal pleura - Superficial layer
  2. Visceral pleura - Deep layer
107
Q

What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

A

Pleural cavity

108
Q

What are the 2 things the pleurae help divide within the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Central mediastinum
  2. Two lateral pleural compartments
109
Q

What are the 2 phases (and 2 names) of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Inspiration - Inhalation
  2. Expiration - Exhalation
110
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A
  1. Volume of thoracic cavity increases
  2. Decreases internal gas pressure
111
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration? What about the intercostal muscles?

A
  1. Diaphragm flattens
  2. Contraction raises the ribs
112
Q

What 4 muscles does deep inspiration require?

A
  1. Scalenes
  2. Sternocleidomastoid
  3. Pectoralis minor
  4. Erector spinae - extends the back
113
Q

What is a chiefly passive process?

A

Quiet Expiration

114
Q

What 3 actions happen during quiet expiration?

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax
  2. Diaphragm moves superiorly
  3. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
115
Q

What is an active process?

A

Forced expiration

116
Q

Forced expiration is produced by _______ of what muscles?

A

Contraction
1. Internal and external oblique muscles
2. Transversus abdominis muscle

117
Q

What is the most important respiratory center?

A

VRG

118
Q

What does VRG stand for?

A

Ventral respiratory group

119
Q

Where is the VRG located? What generates respiratory rhythm?

A
  1. Reticular formation in the medulla oblongata
  2. Neurons
120
Q

What is the function of the respiratory center (VRG)?

A

Generate baseline respiration rate

121
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

Medulla

122
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic and carotid bodies

123
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Rising and falling oxygen levels

124
Q

What is a type of allergic inflammation?

A

Bronchial asthma

125
Q

What is bronchial asthma caused by?

A

Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress

126
Q

What are the 2 things asthma attacks are characterized by?

A
  1. Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle
  2. Secretion of mucus in airways
127
Q

What respiratory disorder is an inherited disease?

A

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

128
Q

In cystic fibrosis, what happens?

A

Exocrine gland function is disrupted

129
Q

How is the respiratory system of someone with Cystic Fibrosis affected?

A

Viscous mucus is oversecreted

130
Q

What happens in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A

Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult

131
Q

COPD is prevalent in what individuals?

A

Those with a history of smoking

132
Q

What 2 disorders are COPD disorders?

A
  1. Obstructive emphysema
  2. Chronic bronchitis
133
Q

By week 4 of development, what appears? What do they invaginate?

A

Olfactory placodes appear and invaginate to form olfactory pits

134
Q

The trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions are formed by what?

A

Laryngotracheal bud

135
Q

How much of the alveoli are present at birth?

A

One-sixth

136
Q

What 2 things happen to people who begin smoking as teenagers?

A
  1. Lungs never fully develop
  2. Additional alveoli never form
137
Q

As the respiratory system ages, what 5 things occur?

A
  1. Number of glands in nasal mucosa declines
  2. Nose dries and produces thickened mucus
  3. Thoracic wall becomes more rigid
  4. Lungs lose elasticity
  5. Oxygen levels in the blood may fall

Fall 2024 (20 decks)

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