Human Anatomy CH 22 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 basic functions of the respiratory system?
A
- Supplies body with oxygen
- Disposes of carbon dioxide
2
Q
What are the 4 processes involved in respiration?
A
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Transport of respiratory gases
- Internal respiration
3
Q
What are all of the respiratory organs?
A
- Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses
- Pharynx, larynx, trachea
- Bronchi and smaller branches
- Lungs and alveoli
4
Q
What are the organs of the respiratory system divided into?
A
- Conducting Zone
- Respiratory Zone
5
Q
What are the functions of the Conducting Zone?
A
- Respiratory passageways that convey air
- Filter, humidify, and warm incoming air
6
Q
What is the of the Respiratory Zone? What structures does it include?
A
- Site of gas exchange in the lungs
- Includes structures that have alveoli
7
Q
What are the 4 main functions of the nose?
A
- Provides an airway for respiration
- Moistens and warms air
- Filters inhaled air
- Resonating chamber for speech
8
Q
What are 3 characteristics of the nose?
A
- Houses olfactory receptors
- Size variation due to differences in nasal cartilages
- Skin of nose is thin and contains many sebaceous glands
9
Q
What is another ward for “external nares”?
A
Nostrils
10
Q
What divides up the nasal cavity? What is the nasal cavity continuous with?
A
- Nasal septum
- Nasopharynx
11
Q
What is another word for “posterior nasal apertures”?
A
Choanae
12
Q
What are the 2 types of mucous membrane?
A
- Olfactory mucosa
- Respiratory mucosa
13
Q
Name 2 characteristics of Olfactory Mucosa
A
- Near roof of nasal cavity
- Houses olfactory (smell receptors)
14
Q
Name 2 characteristics of Respiratory Mucosa
A
- Lines nasal cavity
- Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
15
Q
What type of cells does the Respiratory Mucosa have? Where are these cells located?
A
Goblet cells within epithelium
16
Q
What underlying layer does the Respiratory Mucosa have?
A
Lamina Propria
17
Q
What are the glands in the Lamina Propria called? What kind of cells do they contain?
A
- Compound tubuloalveolar glands
- Mucous and serous cells
18
Q
Sensory nerve endings from which nerve supply the respiratory mucosa?
A
Cranial Nerve V
19
Q
Cilia of the epithelium of the respiratory mucous moves ___________ to the ______________
A
Contaminated mucus posteriorly; pharynx
20
Q
What happens after contaminated mucous is moved to the pharynx?
A
Filtered particles and mucus are swallowed to eventually be digested by digestive juices in the stomach
21
Q
The superior and middle nasal conchae are part of what bone?
A
Ethmoid bone
22
Q
What inferior nasal conchae does what?
A
Separate bone
23
Q
What projects medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
A
3 Nasal Conchae
24
Q
What happens when inhaled air twists and turns through the nasal conchae?
A
Air’s particulate matter is deflected to mucus-coated surface where it becomes trapped
25
What happens during inhalation?
Incoming air is filtered, heated, and moistened
26
What happens during exhalation?
Moisture and heat are reclaimed
27
The paranasal sinuses are located within which bones?
Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid, Ethmoid bones
28
Where do the paranasal sinuses open into?
Nasal Cavity
29
What is the funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth?
Pharynx
30
The Pharynx is divided into what 3 sections?
HINT: Named by location
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
31
What changes along the length of the Pharynx?
Type of mucosal lining
32
What is superior to the point where food enters?
Nasopharynx
33
Which structure is only an air passageway?
Nasopharynx
34
Which structure closes off during swallowing?
Nasopharynx
35
What reflects superiorly in relation to the Nasopharynx?
Uvula
36
What organ is located on the posterior wall and destroys entering pathogens?
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
37
The Nasopharynx contains the opening to…?
Pharyngotympanic tube (Auditory tube)
38
What organ provides some protection from infection?
Tubal Tonsil
39
What is an archlike entranceway that extends from soft palate to epiglottis?
Fauces
40
What type of tissue is the Oropharynx made out of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
41
What are the 2 types of tonsils in the oropharynx and where are they located?
1. Palantine Tonsils - In lateral walls of the fauces
2. Lingual Tonsils - Cover the posterior surface of the tongue
42
What is the passageway for both food and air?
Laryngopharynx
43
What type of tissue is the Laryngopharynx consisted of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
44
What is continuous with the esophagus and larynx and extends to inferior boundary of cricoid cartilage?
Laryngopharynx
45
The Larynx extends from which vertebrae to which vertebrae?
4th to 6th cervical vertebrae
46
What is inferiorly continuous with the trachea?
Larynx
47
What attaches to the hyoid bone superiorly and opens into the laryngopharynx?
Larynx
48
What is the framework of the Larynx?
Framework is arrangement of nine cartilages
49
What are the 3 functions of the Larynx?
1. Voice production
2. Provides an open airway
3. Routes air and food into the proper channels
50
What is shield-shaped and forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)?
Thyroid Cartilage
51
What are the 3 pairs of small cartilages?
1. Arytenoid cartilages
2. Corniculate cartilages
3. Cuneiform cartilages
52
What structure tips inferiorly during swallowing?
Epiglottis
53
What are the 2 vocal ligaments of the larynx? What are their “functions”?
1. Vocal folds (True vocal cords) - Act in sound production
2. Vestibular folds (False vocal cords) - No role in sound production
54
What is the medial opening between the vocal folds called?
Rima gottidis
55
What is the medial opening between the vocal folds called?
Rima gottidis
56
What are the 2 tissues of the larynx? What portion are they apart of?
1. Stratified squamous - Superior portion
2. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar - Inferior portion
57
What 2 things happen during voice production?
1. Length of the vocal cords changes with the pitch
2. Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds
58
What is abdominal straining, such as straining to defecate, abdominal muscles contraction, the glottis closing to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure called?
Valsalva’s manuveur
59
How does Valsalva’s Manuveur affect the body?
Evacuates the rectum and helps stabilize trunk of the body when lifting a heavy load
60
What is the larynx innervated by?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves, which are a branch of the vagus nerve
61
What descends into the mediastinum?
Trachea
62
What are the C-shaped cartilage on the trachea used for?
Keeps the airways open
63
Where is the trachealis located?
Between open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea
64
What is the carina?
Marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi
65
What type of tissue is the carina made out of?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
66
What is the bronchial tree?
Extensively branching respiratory passageways
67
What are the largest bronchi?
Primary bronchi (main bronchi)
68
What is the defining feature of the right main bronchi compared to the left bronchi?
Wider and shorter than the left
69
How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are on the left and right respectively?
3 on the right
2 on the left
70
What branches into each lung SEGMENT?
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
71
Define bronchiole
Little bronchi, less than 1mm in diameter
72
How large are terminal bronchioles?
Less than 0.5mm in diameter
73
As the conducting tubes become smaller, what 3 things happens?
1. Supportive connective tissue changes by having C-shaped rings be replaced by cartilage plates
2. Epithelium changes
3. Smooth muscle becomes important
74
When the epithelium changes due to the conducting tubes becoming smaller, what tissue type is it initially? What does it change into?
1. Initially pseudostratified ciliated columnar
2. Replaced by simple columnar
3. Replaced by simple cuboidal epithelium
75
As a result of the conducting tubes becoming smaller, how does the smooth muscle become important?
1. Airways widens with sympathetic stimulation
2. Airways constricts under parasympathetic direction
76
What does the Respiratory Zone consist of?
Air-exchanging structures; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
77
What is the function of respiratory bronchioles?
Gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent
78
Where do respiratory bronchioles branch from? Where do they lead to?
Branch from: Terminal bronchioles
Lead to: Alveolar ducts, which lead to alveolar sacs
79
About how many alveoli account for the tremendous surface area having to do with gas exchange?
~400 million
80
What is the surface area of alveoli?
1500 square feet (~140 square meters)
81
What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?
1. Type I alveolar cells
2. Type II alveolar cells
3. Alveolar macrophages
82
What type of tissue makes up Type I alveolar cells? How many layers are there?
Single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells
83
What are Type I alveolar cells surrounded by?
Basal lamina
84
What is the respiratory membrane made out of?
Alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina form
85
What cells secrete surfactant? What is the function of surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
Surfactant reduces surface tension within alveoli
86
What type of tissue makes up Type II alveolar cells?
Cuboidal epithelial cells
87
What cells are scattered among type I alveolar cells?
Type II alveolar cells
88
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
Remove tiniest inhaled particles
89
Where do alveolar macrophages migrate to? HOW do they migrate there?
Bronchi
Ciliary action takes them to pharynx
90
What are alveoli surrounded by?
Elastic fibers
91
Alveoli are interconnected by way of ___________
alveolar pores
92
Internal surfaces are a site for free movement of ______________
alveolar macrophages
93
What are the 6 major landmarks of the lungs?
1. Apex
2. Base
3. Hilum
4. Root
5. Left lung
6. Right lung
94
What is the superior tip of the lung?
Apex
95
What is the concave inferior surface of the lung?
Base
96
What is the region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lungs called?
Hilum
97
What is the Hilum?
Indentation on the mediastinal surface
98
The structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum are called _____
Root
99
What structures is the root consisted of?
Blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves
100
What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?
Fissure oblique
101
What is the depression that accommodates the heart?
Cardiac notch
102
What are the 2 fissures of the right lung?
Oblique and horizontal fissures
103
What delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries
104
What carries oxygenated blood to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
105
What 3 fibers innervates the lungs? What are their functions?
1. Parasympathetic - Constrict airways
2. Sympathetic - Dilate airways
3. Visceral sensory fibers
106
What is the double-layered sac surrounding each lung? Which one is deeper and which one is more superficial?
1. Parietal pleura - Superficial layer
2. Visceral pleura - Deep layer
107
What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?
Pleural cavity
108
What are the 2 things the pleurae help divide within the thoracic cavity?
1. Central mediastinum
2. Two lateral pleural compartments
109
What are the 2 phases (and 2 names) of pulmonary ventilation?
1. Inspiration - Inhalation
2. Expiration - Exhalation
110
What happens during inspiration?
1. Volume of thoracic cavity increases
2. Decreases internal gas pressure
111
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration? What about the intercostal muscles?
1. Diaphragm flattens
2. Contraction raises the ribs
112
What 4 muscles does deep inspiration require?
1. Scalenes
2. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Pectoralis minor
4. Erector spinae - extends the back
113
What is a chiefly passive process?
Quiet Expiration
114
What 3 actions happen during quiet expiration?
1. Inspiratory muscles relax
2. Diaphragm moves superiorly
3. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
115
What is an active process?
Forced expiration
116
Forced expiration is produced by _______ of what muscles?
Contraction
1. Internal and external oblique muscles
2. Transversus abdominis muscle
117
What is the most important respiratory center?
VRG
118
What does VRG stand for?
Ventral respiratory group
119
Where is the VRG located? What generates respiratory rhythm?
1. Reticular formation in the medulla oblongata
2. Neurons
120
What is the function of the respiratory center (VRG)?
Generate baseline respiration rate
121
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Medulla
122
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Aortic and carotid bodies
123
What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?
Rising and falling oxygen levels
124
What is a type of allergic inflammation?
Bronchial asthma
125
What is bronchial asthma caused by?
Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress
126
What are the 2 things asthma attacks are characterized by?
1. Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle
2. Secretion of mucus in airways
127
What respiratory disorder is an inherited disease?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
128
In cystic fibrosis, what happens?
Exocrine gland function is disrupted
129
How is the respiratory system of someone with Cystic Fibrosis affected?
Viscous mucus is oversecreted
130
What happens in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult
131
COPD is prevalent in what individuals?
Those with a history of smoking
132
What 2 disorders are COPD disorders?
1. Obstructive emphysema
2. Chronic bronchitis
133
By week 4 of development, what appears? What do they invaginate?
Olfactory placodes appear and invaginate to form olfactory pits
134
The trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions are formed by what?
Laryngotracheal bud
135
How much of the alveoli are present at birth?
One-sixth
136
What 2 things happen to people who begin smoking as teenagers?
1. Lungs never fully develop
2. Additional alveoli never form
137
As the respiratory system ages, what 5 things occur?
1. Number of glands in nasal mucosa declines
2. Nose dries and produces thickened mucus
3. Thoracic wall becomes more rigid
4. Lungs lose elasticity
5. Oxygen levels in the blood may fall
