Human Anatomy CH 25 Flashcards
What are the 2 primary sex organs? What are the 2 accessory sex organs?
- Testes
- Ovaries
- Glands
- External Genitalia
What is the scrotum made out of?
Skin and superficial fascia
Why is the positioning of the scrotum important?
Positioning provides an environment 3 C cooler than body temperature
What muscle is responsible for the wrinkling of the scrotal skin? What type of tissue is this layer made out of?
Dartos muscle; layer of smooth muscle
What muscle elevates the testes? What is it composed of and what does it surround?
Cremaster muscle
Bands of skeletal muscles surrounding the testes
What serous sac are the testes enclosed in?
Tunica vaginalis
What is the fibrous capsule of the testes called? What does it divide the testes into?
Tunica albuginea
Divides testes into 250-300 lobules
The lobules in the tunica albuginea contain _____?
HINT: How many and of what?
Lobules contain 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules
What is the comma-shaped structure on the posterior testes?
Epididymis
Where do the testicular veins arise from? What does this structure function to do?
Pampiniform plexus
Keeps testes cool
Which divisions of which system innervates the testes?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of ANS
The Seminiferous tubules are separated by what tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
What 2 cells form the epithelium of the testes?
(Include their official names and their generic cell name)
- Spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells
- Columnar sustentocytes - support cells
How much sperm is formed per day? What does sperm production begin? How long does the process take?
- 400 million sperm formed per day
- Begins at puberty
- Process takes 75 days
What do sperm cells differentiate to during their production? Where do they move towards?
HINT: 5 types
Moves towards the lumen
1. Spermatogonia - stem cells
2. Primary spermatocytes
3. Secondary spermatocytes
4. Spermatids
5. Sperm
What surrounds spermatogenic cells? They form what barrier?
Sustentocytes; Form the blood brain barrier
Sustentocytes extend from _____ to the _______. They are _______ between cells.
Sustentocytes extend from basal lamina to the lumen. They are tight junctions between spermatogenic cells
What do sustentocytes assist in? What 2 substances do they secrete?
Assist in sperm production
1. Testicular fluid
2. Androgen-binding protein
What surrounds the seminiferous tubules and what is their function?
Myoid cells contract rhythmically
What cells secrete testosterone? What is the secretion regulated by?
Interstitial endocrine cells; regulation by LH
What organ’s duct is 6m long when uncoiled?
Epididymis
What type of tissue makes up the epididymis?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The epididymis bears tufts of _____. Which are?
Stereocilia
Immotile, long microvilli
How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?
20 days
What is the acrosomal reaction?
Sperm is given the ability to swim and to fertilize an egg
What organ stores and transports sperm?
Ductus Deferens
What 3 layers are present in the ductus deferens? What type of tissue is the innermost layer consisted of?
- Epithelium - Pseudostratified columnar
- Thick muscularis
- Adventitia
What 3 structures does the spermatic cord consist of? The spermatic cord is the superior portion of ______. Where does it run through?
- Ductus deferens
- Testicular blood vessels
- Nerves
Superior portion of ductus deferens and runs through inguinal canal
What are the 3 parts of the urethra? What is the function of the urethra?
- Prostatic urethra
- Intermediate part of urethra
- Spongy urethra
Carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to “outside”
What lies on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder?
Seminal glands
What and how much does the seminal glands secrete?
Secrete about 60% of the volume of semen
What does the fluid secreted by the seminal glands contain and what is their function?
(HINT: 5 things)
- Fructose to nourish sperm
- Substances to enhance sperm motility
- Prostaglandins
- Substances that suppress immune response against semen
- Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
What encircles the prostatic urethra? What is it consisted of?
Prostate
Consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands
What and how much does the prostate secrete?
Secretes 25-30% of seminal fluid
What does the fluid secreted by the prostate contain and what are their functions?
(HINT: 2 things)
- Substances that enhance sperm motility
- Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
What are the pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland called?
Bulbo-urethral glands
What does the bulbo-urethral glands produce? Where does it enter prior to?
Mucus enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation
What does the mucus secreted by the bulbo-urethral glands do?
(HINT: 2 functions)
- Neutralizes traces of acidic urine
- Lubricates urethra
What are the 3 structures of the penis?
(HINT: Include the official name and unofficial name/description)
- Shaft - Body
- Glans penis - Distal expanded end
- Prepuce - foreskin
The penis contains 3 __________. What are their names? How many of each?
erectile bodies
1 Corpus spongiosum
2 Corpora cavernosa
The corpus spongiosum surrounds? The corpora cavernosa contains what and makes up what?
Corpus spongiosum surrounds spongy urethra
Corpora cavernosa contains sinuses and makes up most of the penis
What male sexual response is parasympathetic controlled? Which one is sympathetic controlled?
Erection - Parasympathetic control
Ejaculation - Sympathetic control
The male perineum contains what 3 structures?
- Scrotum
- Root of penis
- Anus
The diamond-shaped area that is the male perineum can be described as being located where?
(HINT: 3 descriptors)
- Pubic symphysis anteriorly
- Coccyx posteriorly
- Ischial tuberosities laterally
What happens in Stage 1 of Spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia divide by mitosis
What 2 types of cells are created? What are their functions?
Type A - maintain the germ cells
Type B - differentiate into primary spermatocytes
What happens in Stage 2 of Spermatogenesis?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
What happens during Meiosis I and Meiosis II respectively?
Meiosis I - forms two secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis II - each spermatocyte forms two spermatids
What is another name for Stage 3 of Spermatogenesis?
Spermiogenesis
What 2 things happen during Stage 3?
- 4 spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa
- Spermatozoa shed superfluous cytoplasm
The seminiferous tubules are divided by sustenocytes into what 2 portions?
- Basal compartment
- Adluminal compartment
What barrier do sustenocytes create? What is the function of the barrier?
Blood testis barrier protects developing sperm from the immune system
What 2 “substances” is spermatogenesis controlled by?
- Testosterone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What are the other 2 “substances” that spermatogenesis is controlled by? What is their function?
(HINT: There are secretions from sustenocytes, but the other 2 are not. Additionally, they’re RELATED to the other 2 substances)
- Androgen-binding protein concentrates testosterone near spermatogenic cells
- Inhibin - inhibits FSH
What does the Female Reproductive System produce? What is it preparing to support?
Produces gametes (ova)
Preparing to support developing embryo
The Female Reproductive System undergoes changes according to the ________________
menstrual cycle
How many female reproductive organs does the menstrual cycle affect?
All of them
What 4 organs does the Female Reproductive System include?
- Ovaries
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
What are the small, almond-shaped organs called? What do they produce?
Ovaries produce ova
The ovaries are held in place by _______ and _________. Name 3 of them
ligaments and mesenteries
1. Broad ligament
2. Suspensory ligament
3. Ovarian ligament
What are the ovaries innervated by?
Both divisions of the ANS
What is the fibrous capsule of the ovary called? What tissue is it covered in?
Tunica albuginea; simple columnar epithelium
What houses developing oocytes? What are the MULTICELLULAR sacs housing oocytes?
Ovarian cortex; Follicles
What part of the ovaries contains loose connective tissue? What does this tissue further contain?
Ovarian medulla
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
What organ receives the ovulated oocyte?
Uterine Tube
What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube and where is each one located in relation to the uterine tube?
- Infundibulum - distal end of uterine tube
- Ampulla - middle third of uterine tube
- Isthmus - medial third of uterine tube