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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 25 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 primary sex organs? What are the 2 accessory sex organs?

A
  1. Testes
  2. Ovaries
  3. Glands
  4. External Genitalia
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2
Q

What is the scrotum made out of?

A

Skin and superficial fascia

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3
Q

Why is the positioning of the scrotum important?

A

Positioning provides an environment 3 C cooler than body temperature

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4
Q

What muscle is responsible for the wrinkling of the scrotal skin? What type of tissue is this layer made out of?

A

Dartos muscle; layer of smooth muscle

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5
Q

What muscle elevates the testes? What is it composed of and what does it surround?

A

Cremaster muscle

Bands of skeletal muscles surrounding the testes

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6
Q

What serous sac are the testes enclosed in?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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7
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of the testes called? What does it divide the testes into?

A

Tunica albuginea

Divides testes into 250-300 lobules

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8
Q

The lobules in the tunica albuginea contain _____?
HINT: How many and of what?

A

Lobules contain 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

What is the comma-shaped structure on the posterior testes?

A

Epididymis

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10
Q

Where do the testicular veins arise from? What does this structure function to do?

A

Pampiniform plexus

Keeps testes cool

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11
Q

Which divisions of which system innervates the testes?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of ANS

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12
Q

The Seminiferous tubules are separated by what tissue?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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13
Q

What 2 cells form the epithelium of the testes?
(Include their official names and their generic cell name)

A
  1. Spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells
  2. Columnar sustentocytes - support cells
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14
Q

How much sperm is formed per day? What does sperm production begin? How long does the process take?

A
  1. 400 million sperm formed per day
  2. Begins at puberty
  3. Process takes 75 days
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15
Q

What do sperm cells differentiate to during their production? Where do they move towards?
HINT: 5 types

A

Moves towards the lumen
1. Spermatogonia - stem cells
2. Primary spermatocytes
3. Secondary spermatocytes
4. Spermatids
5. Sperm

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16
Q

What surrounds spermatogenic cells? They form what barrier?

A

Sustentocytes; Form the blood brain barrier

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17
Q

Sustentocytes extend from _____ to the _______. They are _______ between cells.

A

Sustentocytes extend from basal lamina to the lumen. They are tight junctions between spermatogenic cells

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18
Q

What do sustentocytes assist in? What 2 substances do they secrete?

A

Assist in sperm production
1. Testicular fluid
2. Androgen-binding protein

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19
Q

What surrounds the seminiferous tubules and what is their function?

A

Myoid cells contract rhythmically

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20
Q

What cells secrete testosterone? What is the secretion regulated by?

A

Interstitial endocrine cells; regulation by LH

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21
Q

What organ’s duct is 6m long when uncoiled?

A

Epididymis

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22
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epididymis?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

The epididymis bears tufts of _____. Which are?

A

Stereocilia

Immotile, long microvilli

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24
Q

How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?

A

20 days

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25
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

Sperm is given the ability to swim and to fertilize an egg

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26
Q

What organ stores and transports sperm?

A

Ductus Deferens

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27
Q

What 3 layers are present in the ductus deferens? What type of tissue is the innermost layer consisted of?

A
  1. Epithelium - Pseudostratified columnar
  2. Thick muscularis
  3. Adventitia
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28
Q

What 3 structures does the spermatic cord consist of? The spermatic cord is the superior portion of ______. Where does it run through?

A
  1. Ductus deferens
  2. Testicular blood vessels
  3. Nerves

Superior portion of ductus deferens and runs through inguinal canal

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29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urethra? What is the function of the urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Intermediate part of urethra
  3. Spongy urethra

Carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to “outside”

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30
Q

What lies on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder?

A

Seminal glands

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31
Q

What and how much does the seminal glands secrete?

A

Secrete about 60% of the volume of semen

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32
Q

What does the fluid secreted by the seminal glands contain and what is their function?
(HINT: 5 things)

A
  1. Fructose to nourish sperm
  2. Substances to enhance sperm motility
  3. Prostaglandins
  4. Substances that suppress immune response against semen
  5. Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
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33
Q

What encircles the prostatic urethra? What is it consisted of?

A

Prostate

Consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands

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34
Q

What and how much does the prostate secrete?

A

Secretes 25-30% of seminal fluid

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35
Q

What does the fluid secreted by the prostate contain and what are their functions?
(HINT: 2 things)

A
  1. Substances that enhance sperm motility
  2. Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
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36
Q

What are the pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland called?

A

Bulbo-urethral glands

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37
Q

What does the bulbo-urethral glands produce? Where does it enter prior to?

A

Mucus enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation

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38
Q

What does the mucus secreted by the bulbo-urethral glands do?
(HINT: 2 functions)

A
  1. Neutralizes traces of acidic urine
  2. Lubricates urethra
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39
Q

What are the 3 structures of the penis?
(HINT: Include the official name and unofficial name/description)

A
  1. Shaft - Body
  2. Glans penis - Distal expanded end
  3. Prepuce - foreskin
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40
Q

The penis contains 3 __________. What are their names? How many of each?

A

erectile bodies

1 Corpus spongiosum
2 Corpora cavernosa

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41
Q

The corpus spongiosum surrounds? The corpora cavernosa contains what and makes up what?

A

Corpus spongiosum surrounds spongy urethra

Corpora cavernosa contains sinuses and makes up most of the penis

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42
Q

What male sexual response is parasympathetic controlled? Which one is sympathetic controlled?

A

Erection - Parasympathetic control
Ejaculation - Sympathetic control

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43
Q

The male perineum contains what 3 structures?

A
  1. Scrotum
  2. Root of penis
  3. Anus
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44
Q

The diamond-shaped area that is the male perineum can be described as being located where?
(HINT: 3 descriptors)

A
  1. Pubic symphysis anteriorly
  2. Coccyx posteriorly
  3. Ischial tuberosities laterally
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45
Q

What happens in Stage 1 of Spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis

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46
Q

What 2 types of cells are created? What are their functions?

A

Type A - maintain the germ cells
Type B - differentiate into primary spermatocytes

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47
Q

What happens in Stage 2 of Spermatogenesis?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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48
Q

What happens during Meiosis I and Meiosis II respectively?

A

Meiosis I - forms two secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis II - each spermatocyte forms two spermatids

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49
Q

What is another name for Stage 3 of Spermatogenesis?

A

Spermiogenesis

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50
Q

What 2 things happen during Stage 3?

A
  1. 4 spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa
  2. Spermatozoa shed superfluous cytoplasm
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51
Q

The seminiferous tubules are divided by sustenocytes into what 2 portions?

A
  1. Basal compartment
  2. Adluminal compartment
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52
Q

What barrier do sustenocytes create? What is the function of the barrier?

A

Blood testis barrier protects developing sperm from the immune system

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53
Q

What 2 “substances” is spermatogenesis controlled by?

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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54
Q

What are the other 2 “substances” that spermatogenesis is controlled by? What is their function?
(HINT: There are secretions from sustenocytes, but the other 2 are not. Additionally, they’re RELATED to the other 2 substances)

A
  1. Androgen-binding protein concentrates testosterone near spermatogenic cells
  2. Inhibin - inhibits FSH
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55
Q

What does the Female Reproductive System produce? What is it preparing to support?

A

Produces gametes (ova)

Preparing to support developing embryo

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56
Q

The Female Reproductive System undergoes changes according to the ________________

A

menstrual cycle

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57
Q

How many female reproductive organs does the menstrual cycle affect?

A

All of them

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58
Q

What 4 organs does the Female Reproductive System include?

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Uterine tubes
  3. Uterus
  4. Vagina
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59
Q

What are the small, almond-shaped organs called? What do they produce?

A

Ovaries produce ova

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60
Q

The ovaries are held in place by _______ and _________. Name 3 of them

A

ligaments and mesenteries
1. Broad ligament
2. Suspensory ligament
3. Ovarian ligament

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61
Q

What are the ovaries innervated by?

A

Both divisions of the ANS

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62
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of the ovary called? What tissue is it covered in?

A

Tunica albuginea; simple columnar epithelium

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63
Q

What houses developing oocytes? What are the MULTICELLULAR sacs housing oocytes?

A

Ovarian cortex; Follicles

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64
Q

What part of the ovaries contains loose connective tissue? What does this tissue further contain?

A

Ovarian medulla

Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

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65
Q

What organ receives the ovulated oocyte?

A

Uterine Tube

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66
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube and where is each one located in relation to the uterine tube?

A
  1. Infundibulum - distal end of uterine tube
  2. Ampulla - middle third of uterine tube
  3. Isthmus - medial third of uterine tube
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67
Q

What is the distinguishing factor of the Infundibulum? What about the Ampulla?

A

Infundibulum: Surrounded by fimbriae
Ampulla: Usual site of fertilization

68
Q

What lies anterior to the rectum and posterior to the bladder?

69
Q

What word describes the usual position of the uterus?

A

Anteverted (anteflexed)

70
Q

What are the 5 parts of the uterus?
(HINT: Describe them/their location)

A
  1. Fundus - rounded superior portion
  2. Cervix - “neck” of uterus
  3. Cervical canal - communicates with vagina inferiorly
  4. Internal os - opening connecting with uterine cavity
  5. External os - inferior opening of cervix
71
Q

What 3 structures supports the uterus and where are they located/function?

A
  1. Mesometrium - anchors uterus to lateral pelvic wall
  2. Cardinal ligaments - horizontal from cervix and vagina
  3. Round ligaments - bind uterus to anterior pelvic wall
72
Q

What 3 layers is the uterine wall composed of?

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
73
Q

The perimetrium is the ______ layer and is the __________

A

The perimetrium is the serous layer and is the peritoneum

74
Q

What tissues make up the myometrium? What is the function of the myometrium?

A

Interlacing muscles of smooth muscles

Myometrium contracts during childbirth

75
Q

The endometrium is the _______ of the uterine cavity

A

The endometrium is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

76
Q

What layer does the embryo burrow into?

A

Endometrium

77
Q

What 2 layers does the endometrium have?

A
  1. Functional layer
  2. Basal layer
78
Q

What arteries send branches to the uterine wall? What arteries do they divide into?

A

Uterine arteries then divide into arcuate arteries

79
Q

What arteries reach the endometrium? What 2 arteries do they branch into and their corresponding layers?

A

Radial arteries branch into:
1. Straight arteries - to basal layer
2. Spiral arteries - to functional layer

80
Q

What do spiral arteries undergo during the menstrual cycle?

A

Degeneration and regeneration

81
Q

What causes the monthly menstrual cycle?

A

Hormonal fluctuations in ovaries and uterus

82
Q

What happens during the ovarian cycle?

A

Stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes

83
Q

What prepares the uterine wall for implantation?

A

Uterine Cycle

84
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal phase
85
Q

What are stimulated to develop during the follicular phase? How many of them?

A

6-12 primordial follicles

86
Q

What is growth during the follicular phase stimulated by and from what gland?

A

FSH from anterior pituitary gland

87
Q

What is the glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte called?

A

Zona pellucida

88
Q

What is the internal layer of follicle that secretes hormones called?

A

Theca folliculi

89
Q

What is an Antrum?

A

Fluid-filled cavity between granulosa cells

90
Q

What 2 distinct features are in primary follicles?

A
  1. Zona pellucida
  2. Theca folliculi
91
Q

What is a coat of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte called?

A

Corona radiata

92
Q

When does an Antrum form?

A

Primordial —> primary follicle

93
Q

What follicle is ready to be ovulated?

A

Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle

94
Q

What distinct feature is in a secondary follicle?

A

Corona radiata

95
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Halfway through each ovarian cycle (day 14)

95
Q

What is the path of a mature oocyte?

A

Exits from one ovary, enters peritoneal cavity, then is swept into uterine tube

96
Q

What is the signal for ovulation?

A

Sudden increase in LH

97
Q

When does the luteal phase occur?

A

After ovulation in last half of ovarian cycle

98
Q

What does a remaining follicle become? What are the 2 functions of this remaining follicle?

A

Corpus luteum

  1. Secretes progesterone
  2. Acts to prepare for implantation of an embryo
99
Q

If no implantation occurs to the corpus luteum, what happens to it and what does it become?

A

Corpus luteum dies and becomes corpus albicans

100
Q

How long does oogenesis takes to complete?

A

Many years

101
Q

What happens to primordial follicles in meiosis I?

A

Arrested (stalled) in meiosis I

102
Q

What causes the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I?

A

Surge of LH

103
Q

What does oogenesis produce and how many?

A

1 ovum and 3 polar bodies

104
Q

Do polar bodies contribute to developing embryos?

105
Q

Meiosis II is completed only if __________ occurs

A

sperm penetration

106
Q

The uterine cycle is a series of cyclic phases of what layer of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

107
Q

What do the endometrial phases coordinate with? What is it directed by?

A

Ovarian cycle; directed by FSH and LH

108
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle? On what days does each phase occur?

A
  1. Menstrual phase - days 1-5
  2. Proliferative phase - days 6-14
  3. Secretory phase - days 15-28
109
Q

Which phase of the uterine cycle is the stratum functionalis shed?

A

Menstrual phase

110
Q

What 3 coats/layers does the vagina have? What type of tissue is each one consisted of?

A
  1. Adventitia - fibrous connective tissue
  2. Muscularis - smooth muscle
  3. Mucosa - lamina propria and stratified squamous epithelium
111
Q

What coat is marked by transverse folds?

112
Q

What other 2 structures (and their descriptors) are part of the vagina?

A
  1. Hymen - incomplete diaphragm
  2. Fornix - recess formed at the superior part of the vagina
113
Q

What overlies the pubic symphysis? What covers it after puberty?

A

Mons pubis; pubic hair

114
Q

What encloses the labia minora? It is a homologue to what part of the male body?

A

Labia majora; scrotum

115
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Space between the labia minora that houses the opening to the urethra and vagina

116
Q

What is anterior to the vestibule? What tissue is it? It is a homologue to what part of the male body?

A

Clitoris

Erectile tissue; homologous to penis

117
Q

What are the borders/boundaries of the female perineum?

A

Anterior Boundary - pubic arch
Posterior Boundary - coccyx
Lateral Boundary - ischial tuberosities

118
Q

What are breasts? What is its function and when does it start?

A

Modified sweat glands

Milk production - starts at or after childbirth

119
Q

What type of structure is the breast? What is it like in nonpregnant women?

A

Glandular structure - undeveloped in nonpregnant women

120
Q

What is it called when chromosomes of male and female gametes join?

A

Fertilization

121
Q

What are the 4 events (in order) leading to fertilization?

A
  1. Sperm binds to zona pellucida
  2. Undergoes acrosomal reaction
  3. Fusion of oocyte and sperm plasma membranes
  4. Cortical reaction
122
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

Release of enzymes to form a slit in the zona pellucida

123
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

Enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to the egg

124
Q

_____ begins implantation. When does it happen?

A

Blastocyte; about 6 days after conception

125
Q

What is a blastocyst consisted of?

A

Inner cell mass and outer trophoblast

126
Q

What 2 layers make up a trophoblast? Which one is the inner and outer respectively?

A
  1. Cytotrophoblast - inner layer
  2. Synctiotrophoblast - outer layer
127
Q

What tissues contribute to the placenta?

A

Embryonic and maternal tissues

128
Q

Exchanges between maternal and fetal blood happen across?

A

Chorionic villi

129
Q

What 3 functions does the exchange between the maternal and fetal blood do?

A
  1. Provide fetus with nutrients and oxygen
  2. Dispose of its wastes
  3. Allow hormonal signals to be sent to the mother
130
Q

By what week is the placenta fully formed?

131
Q

What is the placental barrier consisted of?

A

All 3 layers of chorionic villi

132
Q

What diffuses from mother to fetus? What diffuses from fetus to mother?

A

Mother to Fetus: Sugars, fats, and oxygen
Fetus to Mother: Urea and carbon dioxide

133
Q

What cell secretes substances that regulate events of pregnancy?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

134
Q

What positive thing can be transported across the placenta? What negative things cross the placental barrier?

A

Positive: Maternal antibodies
Negative: Viruses, alcohol, and heroin

135
Q

When does parturition occur?

A

266 days after fertilization

136
Q

What is Labor?

A

Events that expel the infant from the uterus

137
Q

Testicular cancer affects how many males? How many cases are cured? What is the percentage it has increased from 1974 to 1990?

A
  1. 1 in 50,000 males
  2. 95% of cases
  3. Increase of 50% from 1974 to 1990
138
Q

When does testicular cancer occur?

A

Commonly from early-stage spermatogenic cells

139
Q

What does prostate cancer arise from? What is the rate of growth?

A

Peripheral glands; slow-growing

140
Q

What are the 2 main risk factors of prostate cancer?

A
  1. Fatty diet
  2. Genetic predisposition
141
Q

What does ovarian cancer arise from?

A

Cells in germinal epithelium

142
Q

What does endometrial cancer arise from?

A

Endometrium of the uterus

143
Q

What does cervical cancer arise from? What is the rate of growth? What is it commonly caused by?

A

Epithelium at the tip of the cervix; slow-growing

Often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

144
Q

What cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women?

A

Breast cancer

145
Q

What percentage of breast cancer cases occur in women over 50?

A

97% of cases

146
Q

What are the 4 treatments for breast cancer?

A
  1. Surgical removal of the mass (lumpectomy)
  2. Radiation therapy
  3. Administration of selected hormones
  4. Chemotherapy
147
Q

Embryo at 5-6 weeks is _______

A

sexually indifferent

148
Q

What ducts are the future male and female ducts respectively?

A

Future male ducts - mesonephric duct
Future female ducts - paramesonephric duct

149
Q

At what week does sexual differentiation of male and female embryos begin respectively?

A

Male embryos - Week 7
Female embryos - Week 8

150
Q

The mesonephric duct becomes what 3 structures in males?

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Ductus deferens
  3. Ejaculatory duct
151
Q

The paramesonephric duct becomes what 3 structures in males?

A
  1. Uterus
  2. Uterine Tube
  3. Superior part of vagina
152
Q

What ducts degenerate in which genders?

A

Male - Paramesonephric ducts
Female - Mesonephric ducts

153
Q

When is the period of life that is puberty?

A

Between ages 10 and 15

154
Q

During puberty, what happens to the reproductive organs?

A

Grow into their adult size

155
Q

Do the events of puberty occur in the same sequence in all individuals?

156
Q

Does the age in which events of puberty occur vary widely?

157
Q

What does the cortical portion of immature ovaries form?

A

Ovarian follicles

158
Q

What is Menarche?

A

First menstruation

159
Q

What is a female secondary sex characteristic?

A

Budding breasts (around age 11)

160
Q

What are 4 estrogen-induced secondary sex characteristics?

A
  1. Increase in subcutaneous fat
  2. Widening and lengthening of bones of pelvic girdle
  3. Appearance of axillary and pubic hair
  4. Estrogen-induced growth spurt from age 12 to 17
161
Q

What are 5 male secondary sex characteristics?

A
  1. Enlargement of scrotum and testes (about age 13)
  2. Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
  3. Lengthening of vocal cords - deepening voice
  4. Musculoskeletal system increases in mass
  5. Sexual maturation - mature sperm in semen
162
Q

When is the female reproductive peak? What happens at around age 35?

A

Late 20s

Rate of follicle degeneration increases

163
Q

At what ages does ovulation and menstruation cease? What happens to the ovaries?

A

age 46-54

Ovaries stop secreting estrogen

164
Q

What happens to the breasts and reproductive organs during menopause?

A

Reproductive organs and breasts begin to atrophy

Fall 2024 (20 decks)

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