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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 18 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system divided into?

A
  1. Cardiovascular system
  2. Lymphatic system
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2
Q

What does blood do?

A

It’s a transport mechanism for:
1. Nutrients
2. Signaling molecules
3. Respiratory gases
4. Waste products

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3
Q

What does the circulation of the blood function in?

A
  1. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls to body tissues
  2. Transports hormones from the endocrine glands
  3. Conveys cells of the immune system for defense
  4. Regulates body temperature
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4
Q

How much blood is in each gender?

A
  1. Males: 5-6 liters
  2. Females: 4-5 liters
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5
Q

What kind of tissue is blood considered?

A

Specialized connective tissue

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6
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  1. Blood cells - formed elements
  2. Plasma - liquid portion of blood
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7
Q

What is the measure of % of RBC called and how what is the range in males and females?

A
  1. Hematocrit
  2. Males: 47% +/- 5%
  3. Females: 42% +/- 5%
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8
Q

What is the thin, gray layer present at the junction between the erythrocytes and plasma called? What portion is it and what is it composed of?

A

Buffy coat; portion of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets

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9
Q

Describe blood plasma and what is it made up of?

A
  1. Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
  2. 90% water, ions (Na+, Cl-), Nutrients (sugar, amino acids, lipids), Wastes (CO2, urea, and ammonia), and Proteins
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10
Q

What are the 3 main proteins in blood plasma and their functions?

A
  1. Albumin - prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels
  2. Globulins - include antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper
  3. Fibrinogen - one of the molecules involved in chemical reactions for blood clotting
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11
Q

What type of formed elements (blood cells) are in blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
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12
Q

What type of dye is used in acidic dye and what color does it stain?

A

Eosin, stains blue

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13
Q

What are oxygen transporting cells called and how big are they?

A

Erythrocytes; 7.5 um in diameter

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14
Q

How many erythrocytes are in females and males?

A
  1. 4.3-5.2 million cells/cubic mm
  2. 5.2-5.8 million cells/cubic mm
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15
Q

How many organelles and nuclei do erythrocytes have?

A

0

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16
Q

What are erythrocytes ideal for?

A

Measuring the estimate size of nearby structures

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17
Q

What are erythrocytes packed with? How many molecules does the packed ‘substance’ have?

A

Oxygen-carrying hemoglobin; for each hemoglobin molecule, there’s 4 oxygen molecules

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18
Q

How many iron molecules does O2 have?

A

1

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19
Q

What gives blood its red color?

A

Oxidation of iron atoms within hemoglobin molecules

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20
Q

Where is O2 picked up and released?

A
  1. Picked up from lung capillaries
  2. Released across other tissue capillaries
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21
Q

What are 3 structural characteristics of blood that contribute to respiratory function?

A
  1. Biconcave shape which gives 30% more surface area
  2. 97% hemoglobin
  3. Lack mitochondria, which makes it so they do not consume O2 they pick up
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22
Q

How many WBCs are there?

A

4,800-11,000/cubic mm

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23
Q

What is the mnemonic for amount of each blood cell?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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24
Q

What is the 2 main functions of leukocytes?

A
  1. Protect/fight against infectious microorganisms in the body
  2. Act against foreign molecules (antigens)
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25
Q

Where do leukocytes function? Where do they originate from?

A
  1. Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
  2. Originate from bone marrow
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26
Q

What is it called when circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries?

A

Diapedesis

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27
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
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28
Q

What are the two granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
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29
Q

What kind of stains do granules pick up?

A

Basic and acidic stains

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30
Q

How many nucleus lobes does a neutrophil have?

A

2-6 lobes

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31
Q

What are the two main functions of neutrophils?

A
  1. Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
  2. Releases enzymes into extracellular matrix of infected tissue
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32
Q

What is a characteristic of a neutrophil?

A

Attracted to bacterial products and are the first line of defense in inflammatory response

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33
Q

What’s the percentage of eosinophils that represents WBCs?

A

1-4%

34
Q

What size/color are eosinophil granules? What do the granules do?

A
  1. Large/stain red
  2. Contain enzymes active during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
35
Q

What are the two main functions of eosinophils?

A
  1. Play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens
  2. Secrete enzymes that degrade histamines
36
Q

What’s the percentage of basophils that represents WBCs?

A

0.5%

37
Q

How many nucleus lobes does a basophil have?

A

2

38
Q

What blood cell functions similar to mast cells?

A

Basophils

39
Q

What are the 2 main functions of a basophil?

A
  1. Inflammation mediation
  2. Directs/control later stages of inflammation in allergies and parasitic infections
40
Q

What does the granules of a basophil secrete?

A

Histamines (reduces inflammation)

41
Q

What percentage of WBCs do lymphocytes comprise?

A

20-45%

42
Q

What color does the nucleus of a lymphocyte stain?

A

Dark purple

43
Q

What are the two main classes of lymphocytes and how do they neutralize foreign microogranisms?

A
  1. T Cells - Attack foreign cells directly (makes them destroy themselves)
  2. B Cells - Multiply to become plasma cells and secrete antibodies (phagocytize them)
44
Q

What percentage of WBCs do monocytes comprise?

A

4-8%

45
Q

What are platelets and where do they come from? What is their function?

A

Cell fragments that break off from megakaryocytes and function in clotting of blood

46
Q

What are the largest leukocytes?

A

Monocytes

47
Q

What is the shape of monocytes’ nucleus?

A

Kidney shaped

48
Q

What do monocytes transform into?

A

Macrophages (phagocytic cells)

49
Q

What is the process by which blood cells are formed into blood marrow called?

A

Hematopoiesis

50
Q

How many blood cells are formed each day?

A

100 billion

51
Q

Is bone marrow located within all bones?

A

Yes

52
Q

What does red marrow contain? What is its function?

A

Contains immature erythrocytes and actively generates new blood cells

53
Q

Where is red marrow located in adults?

A
  1. Between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton
  2. Girdles
  3. In proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
54
Q

What type of bone marrow only makes blood cells during emergencies and is dormant otherwise?

A

Yellow marrow

55
Q

Where is yellow marrow located?

A

Long bones of adults

56
Q

What does yellow marrow contain?

A

Many fat cells

57
Q

The tissue framework of bone marrow is made out of ________?

A

Reticular connective tissue

58
Q

What kind of cells are fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network?

A

Reticular cells

59
Q

Where do mature blood cells enter the blood stream through? Where are these ‘areas’ running through?

A

Endothelial cells of sinusoids; blood sinusoids run throughout the reticular tissue

60
Q

What does reticular tissue of bone marrow contain?

A

Macrophages that extend pseudopods to capture antigens

61
Q

Are mesenchymal stem cells part of the reticular network?

A

Yes

62
Q

What can mesenchymal stem cells give rise to?

A
  1. Fat cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Chondrocytes
  4. Fibroblasts
  5. Muscle cells
63
Q

What is the cell type that all blood cells originate from?

A

Hematopoietic blood stem cell

64
Q

What progenitor cell types that lymphocytes and all other blood cells come from respectively?

A

Lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells

65
Q

What are committed blood cells called?

A

Proerythroblasts

66
Q

What’s the percentage of proerythroblasts that make up all erythrocytes?

A

1-2%

67
Q

Proerythroblasts remain in the ______ stage for _____ days in circulation

A

Reticulocyte; 1-2

68
Q

What are committed cells?

A

Cells that have transformed and have lost their ability to become all cell types

69
Q

What is the committed cell type in each granulocyte line?

A

Myeloclasts

70
Q

What is the disorder for abnormal excess of erythrocytes?

A

Polycythemia

71
Q

What is the disorder when the erythrocyte or hemoglobin concentrations are low?

A

Anemia

72
Q

What is an inherited condition that results from a defective hemoglobin molecule?

A

Sickle cell disease

73
Q

What is a form of cancer that results from immature WBCs or granulocytes?

A

Leukemia

74
Q

What is the disorder for abnormally low concentration of platelets?

A

Thrombocytopenia

75
Q

When do the first blood cells develop?

A

With the earliest blood vessels

76
Q

What do mesenchyme cells cluster into?

A

Blood islands

77
Q

What are ‘blood islands’ made out of?

A

Mesenchyme cells

78
Q

Late into month 2, what organs take over blood formation?

A

Liver and spleen

79
Q

At month 7, what becomes the major hematopoietic organ?

A

Bone marrow

80
Q

Which cells are agranulocytes and which cells are granulocytes?

A

Granulocytes:
1. Neutrophil
2. Eosinophil
3. Basophil
Agranulocytes:
1. Erythrocyte
2. Monocyte
3. Lymphocyte

Fall 2024 (13 decks)

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