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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 24 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Maintain the chemical consistency of blood
  2. Filter many liters of fluid from blood
  3. Send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of body
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2
Q

What are the 3 main waste products? What can they be generalized as?

A

Nitrogenous compounds
1. Urea
2. Uric acid
3. Creatinine

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3
Q

What organ is red-brown in color?

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

Where are the kidneys located? It is lateral to which vertebrae?

A

Retroperitoneally (behind peritoneum); lateral to T12-L3

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5
Q

What are the length, width, and height of the kidney?

A

12 cm tall, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick

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6
Q

What is the concave surface of the kidney where vessels and nerves enter and exit?

A

Hilum

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7
Q

What is the capsule that surrounds the kidneys called? What is its function?

A

Fibrous Capsule

Inhibits spread of infections

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8
Q

What kind of tissue is the Fibrous Capsule made out of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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9
Q

What is external to the renal capsule?

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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10
Q

What is external to the perirenal fat capsule? What does this contain?

A

Renal fascia; contains fat

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11
Q

What is the superficial region of the kidney with a granular appearance?

A

Renal cortex

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12
Q

What is the renal medulla consisted of?

A

Cone-shaped renal pyramids

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13
Q

What 2 things compose the renal pelvis?

A
  1. Major calices
  2. Minor calices
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14
Q

What arteries branch into the segmental arteries? The segmental arteries branch into what arteries? What arteries branches off from the previous arteries?

A

Renal artery —> segmental arteries —> interlobar arteries —> arcuate arteries

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15
Q

Where is the nerve supply for the kidneys?

A

Renal plexus

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16
Q

What is the renal plexus? What is it an offshoot of?

A

Network of autonomic fibers that is an offshoot of the celiac plexus

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17
Q

The renal plexus is supplied by ____________ fibers from which 2 nerves?

A

Sympathetic fibers
1. Lowest thoracic splanchnic nerve
2. First lumbar splanchnic nerve

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18
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney called? How many are present in each kidney?

A

Nephron

Over 1 million nephrons present in each kidney

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19
Q

What happens in filtration?

A

Filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries

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20
Q

What happens in resorption?

A

Most nutrients, water, and essential ions are reclaimed

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21
Q

What happens in secretion?

A

Active process of removing undesireable molecules

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22
Q

What 2 structures is a Nephron composed of?

A
  1. Renal tubule
  2. Renal corpuscle
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23
Q

What is the first part of the nephron called?

A

Renal corpuscle

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24
Q

What is the fenestrated tuft of capillaries within the Nephron called?

A

Glomerulus

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25
Q

What 2 layers makes up the Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule? What are these layers consisted of?

HINT: One of them is asking for tissue type

A
  1. Parietal layer - simple squamous epithelium
  2. Visceral layer - consists of podocytes
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26
Q

Where does the filtration membrane lie?

A

Lies between blood in glomerulus and capsular space

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27
Q

What 3 layers does the filtration membrane consist of? Where does each one lie?

A
  1. Filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes - Innermost
  2. Basement membrane - Middle
  3. Fenestrated endothelium of the capillary - Outermost
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28
Q

The basement membrane and slit diaphragm hold back what?

A

Most proteins

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29
Q

The basement membrane and slit diaphragm allows passage of what 5 substances?

A
  1. Water
  2. Ions
  3. Glucose
  4. Amino Acids
  5. Urea
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30
Q

Filtrate proceeds to what from the glomerulus?

A

Renal tubules

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31
Q

What tubule connects (comes before) the nephron loop?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

The nephron loop connects to what 4 parts? Name them in order

A
  1. Descending limb
  2. Descending thin limb (DTL)
  3. Ascending thin limb (ATL)
  4. Thick ascending limb (TAL)
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33
Q

The distal convoluted tubule connects (comes before) what?

A

Collecting ducts

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34
Q

What 2 functions does the collecting ducts have?

A
  1. Receives urine from several nephrons
  2. Plays important role in conserving body fluids
35
Q

What gland secretes ADH? What does the secretion of ADH help with?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

Increases permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules to water

36
Q

What are the 2 classes of nephrons? What percentage of nephron does each one respectively make up?

A
  1. Cortical nephrons - 85% of nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons - 15% of nephrons
37
Q

What is the function of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Contributes to kidney’s ability to concentrate urine

38
Q

What 2 capillary beds do nephrons closely associate with?

A
  1. Glomeruli
  2. Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
39
Q

What are capillary beds called in cortical nephrons? What are they called in juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical nephrons - Peritubular capillaries
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons - Vasa recta
40
Q

What is the main function of Glomeruli? How much fluid does it produce at what rate? What percentage of it is then resorbed by tubules?

A

Produces filtrate that becomes urine at a rate of 1 liter every 8 minutes. 99% is resorbed by tubules

41
Q

Glomeruli is fed and drained by which 2 arterioles?

A
  1. Afferent glomerular arteriole
  2. Efferent glomerular arteriole
42
Q

Efferent arteriole has a _______ diameter than afferent arteriole

A

smaller

43
Q

What arises from the efferent arterioles draining cortical glomeruli?

A

Peritubular capillaries

44
Q

The peritubular capillaries are specifically adapted for? What are some features for this adaptation?

A
  1. Adapted for absorption
  2. Low pressure, porous capillaries
45
Q

Are all molecules secreted by nephrons into urine from the peritubular capillaries?

A

Yes

46
Q

What continues from the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Vasa recta

47
Q

What are vasa recta?

A

Thin-walled looping vessels

48
Q

Where do the vasa recta descend to?

A

Medulla

49
Q

What mechanism is the vasa recta part of?

A

Part of kidney’s urine concentrating mechanism

50
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Complex?

A

Area of specialized contact between terminal end of the ascending limb and afferent arteriole

51
Q

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular Complex?

A

Regulating blood pressure

52
Q

What are granular cells?

A

Modified smooth muscle cells

53
Q

Granular cells contain what hormone? When is it secreted?

A

Renin is secreted in response to falling blood pressure in afferent arteriole

54
Q

What is the end of the nephron loop called?

A

Macula Densa

55
Q

Where is the Macula Densa located adjacent to?

A

Adjacent to granular cells

56
Q

What is the macular densa made out of? (Tissue)

A

Tall, closely packed epithelial cells

57
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the macula densa? The secreted hormone initiates what mechanism?

A
  1. Monitor solute concentration in the filtrate
  2. Signals granular cells to secrete renin which activates renin-angiotensin mechanism
58
Q

What cells interact with the macula densa and granular cells? What is its function?

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells help regulate blood pressure

59
Q

What cells are located around the base of the glomerulus? What do they do within the glomerulus?

A

Mesangial cells regulate blood flow within the glomerulus

60
Q

What organ carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

61
Q

The oblique part of the ureter does what?

A

Oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine

62
Q

What 3 layers is the ureter made out of?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis Externa
  3. Adventita
63
Q

What type of tissue is the mucosa of the ureter made out of?

A

Transitional Epithelium

64
Q

The Muscularis Externa of the ureter has what 2 layers?

A
  1. Inner longitudinal layer
  2. Outer circular layer
65
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the Adventitia of the ureter?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue

66
Q

What is the urinary bladder? What is its function?

A

Collapsible muscular sac

Stores and expels urine

67
Q

What is a full bladder like and where is it located? What is an empty bladder like/where is it located?

A

Full bladder - Spherical - expands into the abdominal cavity

Empty bladder - lies entirely within the pelvis

68
Q

What is the closed remnant of the allantois called?

A

Urachus

69
Q

What is located directly inferior to the bladder and only in males? What does it surround?

A

Prostate; surrounds the urethra

70
Q

The urinary bladder is composed of what 3 layers? What type of tissue are they composed of?

A
  1. Mucosa - transitional epithelium
  2. Thick muscular layer called detrusor
  3. Fibrous adventita
71
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelium tissue that makes up the urethra? Where is each one located?

A
  1. Transitional epithelium - at proximal end near bladder
  2. Stratified and pseudostratified columnar - mid urethra in males
  3. Stratified squamous epithelium - at distal end near urethral opening
72
Q

What kind of muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made out of?

A

Involuntary smooth muscle

73
Q

What are the 2 ‘functions’ of the external urethral sphincter

A
  1. Voluntarily inhibits urination
  2. Relaxes when one urinates
74
Q

How many cm is the urethra in females? In males?

A

Females: 3-4 cm
Males: 20 cm

75
Q

What 3 regions of the urethra are only present in males? What does each one pass through?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra - passes through the prostate gland
  2. Intermediate part of urethra - through urogenital diaphragm
  3. Spongy (penile) urethra - passes through length of penis
76
Q

What disorder is more common in females and causes a burning sensation during micturition?

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

77
Q

What is another name for kidney stones?

A

Renal calculi

78
Q

Bladder cancer consists of what percentage of cancers?

A

3%

79
Q

Kidney cancer arises from what?

A

Epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules

80
Q

The embryo develops what 3 pairs of kidneys?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
81
Q

Which pair of kidneys is the only one to persist to become the adult kidneys?

A

Metanephros

82
Q

What is the name of the kidney that produces urine in the fetal stage? At what month does it produce urine?

A

Metanephric kidney produces urine by fetal month 3

83
Q

The metanephros/metanephric kidney contributes to the volume of _________?

A

amniotic fluid

84
Q

As the kidney and bladder function declines with advancing age, what 5 things occur?

A
  1. Nephrons decrease in size and number
  2. Tubules are less efficient at secretion and resorption
  3. Filtration declines
  4. Recognition of desire to urinate is delayed
  5. Loss of muscle tone in the bladder

Fall 2024 (13 decks)

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