Microbiology CH 12

Question 1

What is the study of immune systems called?

Answer 1

Immunology

Question 2

What are specific defenses used to protect the body from pathogens identified by the body?

Answer 2

Acquired defenses

Question 3

What are non-specific defenses used to protect the body from any general pathogenic attack?

Answer 3

Innate defenses

Question 4

What 2 main lines of defense do innate defenses include?

Answer 4

1. Barriers to prevent infection
2. Systems to combat infections

Question 5

What is the purpose of the first line of defense? What barriers does it involve?

Answer 5

Prevent pathogens from infecting the body

Chemical or Physical Barriers

Question 6

What do the barriers ALSO defend against? List 2 examples

Answer 6

Non-living foreign agents
1. Dust
2. Smoke

Question 7

What is the most apparent physical barrier? Most things exist _________ and can’t _______

Answer 7

Skin

Most things exist outside the body and can’t get in

Question 8

What 2 things in the respiratory system trap and then push out inhaled particles?

Answer 8

Cilia and mucus

Question 9

What can the microbiome do?

Answer 9

Physically occupy space to prevent pathogens from attaching to body surfaces

Question 9

What is a chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes cell walls called?

Answer 9

Lysozyme

Question 10

What does lysozyme do?

Answer 10

Makes it harder for pathogens to invade through the eyes or digestive tract

Question 10

What is one of the reasons the body produced chemicals?

Answer 10

Prevent pathogen access

Question 11

What allows the body to kill most microbes that make it to the digestive tract?

Answer 11

Stomach acid at low pH

Question 12

What do salts secreted by sweating do?

Answer 12

Creates an environment that is hypertonic and hostile to anything you might come in contact with

Question 13

Urine, vaginal secretions, and semen all contain?

Answer 13

Compounds that are microbicidal to reduce risk of infection

Question 14

When does the second line of defense kick in?

Answer 14

When a pathogen gets beyond the first line

Question 15

Where does the second line of defense occur? Via what?
(HINT: Include examples)

Answer 15

Blood

Cells - Phagocytes
Chemicals - interferons and Complement system
Processes - inflammation and fever

Question 16

What type of response is the second line of defense?

Answer 16

Chemical response

Question 17

What 7 substances can be found in plasma?

Answer 17

1. Water
2. Electrolytes
3. Dissolved gases
4. Nutrients
5. Proteins
6. Antibodies
7. Clotting Factors

Question 17

What is blood composed of?

Answer 17

1. Plasma
2. Formed elements

Question 18

Are formed elements soluble? What 3 ‘substances’ can be found in formed elements?

Answer 18

No

1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Platelets

Question 19

What are leukocytes that contain large granules that are visible during staining of blood?

Answer 19

Granulocytes

Question 20

What WBCs make and release histamines?

Answer 20

Basophils

Question 21

What 2 WBCs perform phagocytosis and diapedesis?

Answer 21

1. Eosinophils
2. Neutrophils

Question 22

What is diapedesis?

Answer 22

Movement of WBCs outside the blood vessels

Question 23

What are leukocytes that do not contain any large granules called?

Answer 23

Agranulocytes

Question 24

What WBCs mature into macrophages?

Answer 24

Monocytes

Question 25

What WBCs are responsible for specific immune response?

Answer 25

Lymphocytes

Question 26

What are the 3 lymphocytes/cells part of the immune response? Which one is part of the NONSPECIFIC immune response?

Answer 26

1. B-Lymphocytes 2. T-Lymphocytes 3. Natural Killer cells - NONSPECIFIC response

Question 27

What is a test to measure the ratios of WBCs?

Answer 27

Differential White Blood Cell Count

Question 28

What do changes from the normal count of WBCs indicate?

Answer 28

Disease or infection

Question 29

What indicates allergies or parasitic worm infection?

Answer 29

Eosinophilia

Question 30

What does increased leukocytes overall but especially neutrophils indicate?

Answer 30

Bacterial infection

Question 31

What does increased lymphocytes indicate?

Answer 31

Viral infection

Question 32

What are the 5 mechanisms of the second line of defense?

Answer 32

1. Phagocytosis 2. Extracellular killing by leukocytes 3. Nonspecific chemical defenses 4. Inflammation 5. Fever

Question 33

What is the process by which cells of the immune system engulf invading cells to break them down?

Answer 33

Phagocytosis

Question 34

What are the 5 steps of Phagocytosis?

Answer 34

1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion 5. Elimination

Question 35

What is the movement of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus?

Answer 35

Chemotaxis

Question 36

What do phagocytes use to move towards invading microbes? (HINT: Make sure to describe what they are)

Answer 36

Pseudopods - extensions of the membrane and cytosol

Question 37

Phagocytes/Macrophages are attracted by what 4 things?

Answer 37

1. Microbial waste products or secretions 2. Components of damaged cells or tissues 3. Chemotactic factors 4. Cytokines

Question 38

What are cytokines?

Answer 38

Chemicals released by white blood cells during an immune response

Question 39

What are chemotactic factors?

Answer 39

Specific chemicals in the complement system

Question 40

What does PAMP stand for?

Answer 40

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

Question 40

What is the recognition and attachment of the phagocyte to the invading cell?

Answer 40

Adherence

Question 41

What are PAMPs 'function'?

Answer 41

Things that might be recognized by a receptor protein on the macrophage

Question 42

What do PAMPs include? (HINT: List 3)

Answer 42

1. Bacterial Flagella 2. Peptidoglycan 3. Lipopolysaccharide

Question 43

What is indirect recognition? What cells can recognize these?

Answer 43

'Tags' that have been attached to an invader by the immune system; Phagocytes

Question 44

What is when pseudopods extend from the phagocyte to surround the microbe?

Answer 44

Ingestion

Question 45

What is formed after ingestion?

Answer 45

Phagosome

Question 46

What is when the macrophage breaks down the invader that it swallowed?

Answer 46

Digestion

Question 47

What does Digestion involve?

Answer 47

Fusing of the phagosome with a lysosome containing a variety of chemicals that damage the invader

Question 48

What happens after digestion is completed?

Answer 48

Macrophages eliminate the debris by exocytosis

Question 49

What will phagosomes do during digestion?

Answer 49

Phagosomes fuse with the cell membrane, spilling the broken down pathogen out of the cell

Question 50

Why do macrophages "display" broken pieces of a pathogen after digestion?

Answer 50

To alert the immune system

Question 51

What do eosinophils target? How do they kill invaders?

Answer 51

Eosinophils mainly attack parasitic worms Eosinophils will attach to the surface of the worm and secrete toxins to kill the organism

Question 52

What targets are too big to engulf?

Answer 52

Parasitic worms

Question 53

How do Natural Killer cells kill invaders? What do Natural Killer cells target? (HINT: 2)

Answer 53

NK cells secrete toxins into human cells that are displaying "strange" patterns on the surface 1. Tumor cells 2. Virus-infected cells

Question 54

Chemicals free-floating in blood will _____ or _______

Answer 54

attack invaders or help with the immune response

Question 55

What 2 things are part of nonspecific chemical defenses?

Answer 55

1. Complement system 2. Interferon

Question 56

What is a series of proteins that come together to form a MAC that perforates the membrane of invading bacteria?

Answer 56

Complement system

Question 57

What does MAC stand for?

Answer 57

Membrane Attack Complex

Question 58

The complement system is generally more effective against what kind of bacteria?

Answer 58

Gram-Negatives

Question 59

What is a chemical that is used during a viral infection?

Answer 59

Interferon

Question 60

What are interferons released by?

Answer 60

Released by cells infeeted by a virus as an 'alarm bell'

Question 61

What 2 things do interferons do?

Answer 61

1. Stops translation in neighboring cells so virus can't spread 2. Summons phagocytes to attack the infected cells

Question 62

A lot of infections lead to?

Answer 62

Local or systemic inflammation

Question 63

What are the symptoms of inflammation? (HINT: 4 symptoms)

Answer 63

1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain

Question 64

What happens during inflammation? Why does this happen? (HINT: Include 3 things for "why")

Answer 64

Blood vessels dilate (open up) 1. Stimulates migration of phagocytes so it's more likely a pathogen will be killed 2. Summons defense cells and chemicals such as complement system proteins and antibodies 3. Results in tissue repair

Question 64

Why can inflammation be a bad thing?

Answer 64

Chronic inflammation is long-term, can lead to tissue damage over time

Question 65

What are the 3 types of pyrogens?

Answer 65

1. Bacterial Toxins (O-antigen on Lipopolysaccharide) 2. Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis 3. Certain interleukins (chemicals released by lymphocytes)

Question 65

What is when the body temperature over 37 C?

Answer 65

Fever

Question 66

What chemicals trigger the hypothalamus to increase body temperature?

Answer 66

Pyrogens

Question 67

Why can fever be good? (HINT: Include 3 points)

Answer 67

1. Increases activity of Interferon 2. Inhibits growth of mesophilic microbes 3. May enhance performance of certain immune cells

Question 68

Why can fever be bad? (HINT: Include 2 points)

Answer 68

1. Too high for too long can damage host cells 2. Organisms prefer a slightly-warmer-than-us temperature