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Fall 2024 > Microbiology CH 12 > Flashcards

Microbiology CH 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of immune systems called?

A

Immunology

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2
Q

What are specific defenses used to protect the body from pathogens identified by the body?

A

Acquired defenses

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3
Q

What are non-specific defenses used to protect the body from any general pathogenic attack?

A

Innate defenses

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4
Q

What 2 main lines of defense do innate defenses include?

A
  1. Barriers to prevent infection
  2. Systems to combat infections
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the first line of defense? What barriers does it involve?

A

Prevent pathogens from infecting the body

Chemical or Physical Barriers

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6
Q

What do the barriers ALSO defend against? List 2 examples

A

Non-living foreign agents
1. Dust
2. Smoke

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7
Q

What is the most apparent physical barrier? Most things exist _________ and can’t _______

A

Skin

Most things exist outside the body and can’t get in

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8
Q

What 2 things in the respiratory system trap and then push out inhaled particles?

A

Cilia and mucus

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9
Q

What can the microbiome do?

A

Physically occupy space to prevent pathogens from attaching to body surfaces

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9
Q

What is a chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes cell walls called?

A

Lysozyme

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10
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Makes it harder for pathogens to invade through the eyes or digestive tract

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10
Q

What is one of the reasons the body produced chemicals?

A

Prevent pathogen access

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11
Q

What allows the body to kill most microbes that make it to the digestive tract?

A

Stomach acid at low pH

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12
Q

What do salts secreted by sweating do?

A

Creates an environment that is hypertonic and hostile to anything you might come in contact with

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13
Q

Urine, vaginal secretions, and semen all contain?

A

Compounds that are microbicidal to reduce risk of infection

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14
Q

When does the second line of defense kick in?

A

When a pathogen gets beyond the first line

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15
Q

Where does the second line of defense occur? Via what?
(HINT: Include examples)

A

Blood

Cells - Phagocytes
Chemicals - interferons and Complement system
Processes - inflammation and fever

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16
Q

What type of response is the second line of defense?

A

Chemical response

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17
Q

What 7 substances can be found in plasma?

A
  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Dissolved gases
  4. Nutrients
  5. Proteins
  6. Antibodies
  7. Clotting Factors
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17
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Formed elements
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18
Q

Are formed elements soluble? What 3 ‘substances’ can be found in formed elements?

A

No

  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
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19
Q

What are leukocytes that contain large granules that are visible during staining of blood?

A

Granulocytes

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20
Q

What WBCs make and release histamines?

A

Basophils

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21
Q

What 2 WBCs perform phagocytosis and diapedesis?

A
  1. Eosinophils
  2. Neutrophils
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22
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Movement of WBCs outside the blood vessels

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23
Q

What are leukocytes that do not contain any large granules called?

A

Agranulocytes

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24
Q

What WBCs mature into macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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25
Q

What WBCs are responsible for specific immune response?

A

Lymphocytes

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26
Q

What are the 3 lymphocytes/cells part of the immune response? Which one is part of the NONSPECIFIC immune response?

A
  1. B-Lymphocytes
  2. T-Lymphocytes
  3. Natural Killer cells - NONSPECIFIC response
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27
Q

What is a test to measure the ratios of WBCs?

A

Differential White Blood Cell Count

28
Q

What do changes from the normal count of WBCs indicate?

A

Disease or infection

29
Q

What indicates allergies or parasitic worm infection?

A

Eosinophilia

30
Q

What does increased leukocytes overall but especially neutrophils indicate?

A

Bacterial infection

31
Q

What does increased lymphocytes indicate?

A

Viral infection

32
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of the second line of defense?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Extracellular killing by leukocytes
  3. Nonspecific chemical defenses
  4. Inflammation
  5. Fever
33
Q

What is the process by which cells of the immune system engulf invading cells to break them down?

A

Phagocytosis

34
Q

What are the 5 steps of Phagocytosis?

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
  5. Elimination
35
Q

What is the movement of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus?

A

Chemotaxis

36
Q

What do phagocytes use to move towards invading microbes?
(HINT: Make sure to describe what they are)

A

Pseudopods - extensions of the membrane and cytosol

37
Q

Phagocytes/Macrophages are attracted by what 4 things?

A
  1. Microbial waste products or secretions
  2. Components of damaged cells or tissues
  3. Chemotactic factors
  4. Cytokines
38
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemicals released by white blood cells during an immune response

39
Q

What are chemotactic factors?

A

Specific chemicals in the complement system

40
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

40
Q

What is the recognition and attachment of the phagocyte to the invading cell?

A

Adherence

41
Q

What are PAMPs ‘function’?

A

Things that might be recognized by a receptor protein on the macrophage

42
Q

What do PAMPs include?
(HINT: List 3)

A
  1. Bacterial Flagella
  2. Peptidoglycan
  3. Lipopolysaccharide
43
Q

What is indirect recognition? What cells can recognize these?

A

‘Tags’ that have been attached to an invader by the immune system; Phagocytes

44
Q

What is when pseudopods extend from the phagocyte to surround the microbe?

A

Ingestion

45
Q

What is formed after ingestion?

A

Phagosome

46
Q

What is when the macrophage breaks down the invader that it swallowed?

A

Digestion

47
Q

What does Digestion involve?

A

Fusing of the phagosome with a lysosome containing a variety of chemicals that damage the invader

48
Q

What happens after digestion is completed?

A

Macrophages eliminate the debris by exocytosis

49
Q

What will phagosomes do during digestion?

A

Phagosomes fuse with the cell membrane, spilling the broken down pathogen out of the cell

50
Q

Why do macrophages “display” broken pieces of a pathogen after digestion?

A

To alert the immune system

51
Q

What do eosinophils target? How do they kill invaders?

A

Eosinophils mainly attack parasitic worms

Eosinophils will attach to the surface of the worm and secrete toxins to kill the organism

52
Q

What targets are too big to engulf?

A

Parasitic worms

53
Q

How do Natural Killer cells kill invaders? What do Natural Killer cells target?
(HINT: 2)

A

NK cells secrete toxins into human cells that are displaying “strange” patterns on the surface
1. Tumor cells
2. Virus-infected cells

54
Q

Chemicals free-floating in blood will _____ or _______

A

attack invaders or help with the immune response

55
Q

What 2 things are part of nonspecific chemical defenses?

A
  1. Complement system
  2. Interferon
56
Q

What is a series of proteins that come together to form a MAC that perforates the membrane of invading bacteria?

A

Complement system

57
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A

Membrane Attack Complex

58
Q

The complement system is generally more effective against what kind of bacteria?

A

Gram-Negatives

59
Q

What is a chemical that is used during a viral infection?

A

Interferon

60
Q

What are interferons released by?

A

Released by cells infeeted by a virus as an ‘alarm bell’

61
Q

What 2 things do interferons do?

A
  1. Stops translation in neighboring cells so virus can’t spread
  2. Summons phagocytes to attack the infected cells
62
Q

A lot of infections lead to?

A

Local or systemic inflammation

63
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?
(HINT: 4 symptoms)

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
64
Q

What happens during inflammation? Why does this happen?
(HINT: Include 3 things for “why”)

A

Blood vessels dilate (open up)
1. Stimulates migration of phagocytes so it’s more likely a pathogen will be killed
2. Summons defense cells and chemicals such as complement system proteins and antibodies
3. Results in tissue repair

64
Q

Why can inflammation be a bad thing?

A

Chronic inflammation is long-term, can lead to tissue damage over time

65
Q

What are the 3 types of pyrogens?

A
  1. Bacterial Toxins (O-antigen on Lipopolysaccharide)
  2. Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
  3. Certain interleukins (chemicals released by lymphocytes)
65
Q

What is when the body temperature over 37 C?

A

Fever

66
Q

What chemicals trigger the hypothalamus to increase body temperature?

A

Pyrogens

67
Q

Why can fever be good?
(HINT: Include 3 points)

A
  1. Increases activity of Interferon
  2. Inhibits growth of mesophilic microbes
  3. May enhance performance of certain immune cells
68
Q

Why can fever be bad?
(HINT: Include 2 points)

A
  1. Too high for too long can damage host cells
  2. Organisms prefer a slightly-warmer-than-us temperature

Fall 2024 (20 decks)

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