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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 21 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

A

Return excess tissue fluid to blood vascular system

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2
Q

What collects tissue fluid?

A

Lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Protects our bodies from foreign organisms and confers immunity to disease

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4
Q

What are the main components of the immune system?

A

Lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs

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5
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels collect tissue fluid from?

A

Loose connective tissue

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6
Q

From the loose connective tissue, where is the fluid carried to?

A

Great veins in the neck

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7
Q

Once tissue fluid is within lymphatic vessels, what is it called?

A

Lymph

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8
Q

Where does lymph flow?

A

Only toward the heart

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9
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels collect tissue fluid from? Where does it return it to?

A

From: Tissue fluid and blood proteins
Returns to: Bloodstream

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10
Q

What are the smallest lymph vessels?

A

Lymph capillaries

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11
Q

Describe 2 characteristics of lymph capillaries

A
  1. First to receive lymph
  2. Highly permeable vessel
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12
Q

What collects from lymph capillaries?

A

Collecting lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

What are scattered along collection vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

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14
Q

What collects lymph from collecting vessels?

A

Lymph trunks

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15
Q

What empties in the veins of the neck?

A

Lymph ducts

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16
Q

List the order of lymphatic vessels (4)

A
  1. Lymph capillaries
  2. Collecting lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymph trunks
  4. Lymph ducts
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17
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are located near?

A

Blood capillaries

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18
Q

Where do the lymphatic capillaries receive tissue fluid from (non-specific)? What opens to allow fluid to enter?

A

Connective tissue; minivalves open

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19
Q

High permeability of lymphatic capillaries allows entrance of what?

A

Tissue fluid, protein molecules, bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells

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20
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries

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21
Q

Where are lacteals located?

A

Villi of small intestines

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22
Q

What do lacteals receive?

A

Digested fats

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23
Q

What is chyle?

A

Fatty lymph

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24
Q

What is fatty lymph?

A

Chyle

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25
Q

What do collecting lymphatic vessels accompany? What tunics are they composed of?

A

Blood vessels; same 3 tunics as blood vessels

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26
Q

Do lymphatic vessels contain more valves than veins do?

A

Yes

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27
Q

Does the heartbeat help aid the flow of lymph?

A

No

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28
Q

What 3 weaker mechanisms propels lymph?

A
  1. Bulging of skeletal muscles
  2. Pulsing of nearby arteries
  3. Tunica media of the lymph vessels
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29
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Cleanse the lymph of pathogens

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30
Q

How many lymph nodes are in the human body?

A

500

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31
Q

Where are the superficial lymph nodes located?

A

Cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

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32
Q

Where are the deep lymph nodes located?

A

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes, aortic lymph nodes, iliac lymph nodes

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33
Q

What is a Fibrous Capsule?

A

Capsule surrounding a lymph node

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34
Q

What are Trabculae?

A

Connective tissue strands extending inwards to divide lymph nodes into segments

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35
Q

Where does lymph enter and exist lymph nodes?

A

Enters: Convex aspect of a lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
Exits: At the hilum through efferent lymphatic vessels

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36
Q

What do collecting lymph vessels converge to form?

A

Lymph trunks

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37
Q

What receives lymph from lower limbs?

A

Lumbar trunks

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38
Q

What receives chyle from digestive organs?

A

Intestinal Trunk

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39
Q

What collects lymph from thoracic viscera?

A

Bronchomediastinal trunks

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40
Q

What receives lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall?

A

Subclavian trunks

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41
Q

What drains lymph from the head and neck?

A

Jugular Trunks

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42
Q

Where are cisterna chyli located?

A

Union of lumbar and intestinal trunks

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43
Q

Where does the thoracic duct ascend along? What kind of circulation does it empty into?

A
  1. Vertebral bodies
  2. Venous circulation
44
Q

What drains three-quarters of the body?

A

Thoracic duct

45
Q

What duct is at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins?

A

Thoracic duct

46
Q

What duct empties into the right internal jugular and subclavian veins?

A

Right Lymphatic Duct

47
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the immune system?

A
  1. Recognize specific foreign molecules
  2. Destroy pathogens effectively
48
Q

What are the key cells of the immune system? What can it include?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs
49
Q

Name all 6 lymphoid organs

A
  1. Lymph Nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Thymus
  4. Tonsils
  5. Aggregated lymphoid nodules
  6. Appendix
50
Q

What do infectious organisms trigger?

A

Inflammatory response

51
Q

After an inflammatory response is triggered, what happens to invading organisms?

A

Attacked by macrophages, then lymphocytes

52
Q

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

A

Must be able to effectively recognize a specific foreign molecule

53
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte

54
Q

What are the 2 main classes of lymphocytes?

A
  1. B Lymphocytes
  2. T Lymphocytes
55
Q

What do Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes do? What are the 4 steps to this process?

A

Attack foreign cells directly
1. Bind to antigen-bearing cells
2. Perforate cell membrane
3. Signal cell to undergo poptosis
4. Destroy virus-infected cells and some cancer cells

56
Q

What lymphocytes become plasma cells?

A

B lymphocytes

57
Q

What is another “name” for Helper T and Cytotoxic T Cells?

A

Helper T: CD4+
Cytotoxic T: CD8+

58
Q

What do B lymphocytes primarily respond to?

A

Bacteria and bacterial toxins

59
Q

What does plasma cells do? What do they secrete?

A
  1. Mark cells for destruction by macrophages
  2. Secretes antibodies
60
Q

Where do lymphocytes originate from?

A

Bone marrow

61
Q

Which lymphocytes travel to the thymus gland? Which lymphocytes stay in the bone marrow?

A
  1. T lymphocytes
  2. B lymphocytes
62
Q

What are 4 characteristics/qualities of activated lymphocytes?

A
  1. Are able to recognize a unique antigen
  2. Gain immunocompetence
  3. Travel through the bloodstream to meet and bind to a specific antigen
  4. Can proliferate rapidly
63
Q

When a lymphocyte is activated, what presents the lymphocyte its antigen?

A

Macrophage or dendritic cell

64
Q

T and B lymphocytes both produce clones of what?

A
  1. Effector lymphocytes
  2. Memory cells
65
Q

What do effector lymphocytes do?

A

Respond immediately to infectious microorganisms, then die

66
Q

What do memory cells do?

A
  1. Waits until the body encounters the antigen again
  2. Prevents subsequent infections of the same illness
67
Q

What kind of cells are the basis for acquired immunity?

A

Memory cells

68
Q

What tissue is the most important tissue of the immune system?

A

Lymphoid Tissue

69
Q

What are the two “general” locations that lymphoid tissue can be found?

A
  1. Mucous membrane of digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
  2. Lymphoid organs (except thymus)
70
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

71
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
72
Q

What are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
  2. Aggregated lymphoid nodules
  3. Appendix
73
Q

What are the 2 functions of the lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Gather and destroy infectious microorganisms
  2. Store lymphocytes
74
Q

What is the site in which immature lymphocytes develop into T lymphocytes?

A

Thymus

75
Q

When in a human lifespan is the thymus most active?

A

Childhood

76
Q

What does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymic hormones

77
Q

With age, functional thymus tissue __________. What is the percentage of tissue that’s left?

A
  1. Atrophies
  2. 5%
78
Q

What is the thymus composed of?

A

Cortex and medulla

79
Q

What does the medulla of thymus contain?

A

Thymic corpuscles

80
Q

How does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Functions strictly in lymphocyte maturation
  2. Arises from epithelial tissue
81
Q

What are the 3 functions of lymph nodes?

A
  1. Lymph percolates through lymph sinuses
  2. Most antigenic challenges occur in lymph nodes
  3. Antigens destroyed and activate B and T lymphocytes
82
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

83
Q

What are the 2 main blood-cleansing functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Removal of bloodborne antigens
  2. Removal and destruction of old or defective blood cells
84
Q

Where is the site of hematopoiesis in the fetus?

A

Spleen

85
Q

Where is the site of B cell maturation into plasma cells?

A

Spleen

86
Q

What are 2 NON-blood-cleansing functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Storage of platelets
  2. Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
87
Q

What are the two “pulps”? Where are they found?

A
  1. White pulp
  2. Red pulp
  3. Spleen
88
Q

What surrounds the white pulp?

A

Red pulp

89
Q

What is the red pulp composed of? What is it responsible for (function)?

A
  1. Venous sinuses
  2. Splenic cord
  3. Responsible for disposing of worn-out RBCs
90
Q

What is the white pulp made of? What are its 2 functions?

A
  1. Thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue
  2. Bloodborne antigens are destroyed as they activate the immune response
  3. Provides immune function of the spleen
91
Q

What are the simplest lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils

92
Q

What are the 4 groups of tonsils?

A
  1. Palantine tonsil
  2. Lingual tonsil
  3. Pharyngeal tonsil
  4. Tubal tonsils
93
Q

How are the tonsils arranged and what is their function?

A

Arranged in a ring to gather and remove pathogen

94
Q

What are the tonsils made out of? What is this consisted of?

A

Lamina propria, consists of MALT

95
Q

What is abundant in the walls of intestines?

A

MALT

96
Q

What do aggregated lymphoid nodules and appendix do?

A

Fight against invading bacteria

97
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Tubular offshoot of the cecum

98
Q

What is located in the distal part of the small intestine?

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches)

99
Q

What is leakage of fatty lymph into the thorax?

A

Chylothorax

100
Q

What is the inflammation of a lymph vessel?

A

Lymphangitis

101
Q

What is a viral disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus that attacks B lymphocytes?

A

Mononucleosis

102
Q

What is cancer of the lymph nodes?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

103
Q

What is uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

104
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels and lymphatic nodes develop from?

A

Lymphatic sacs

105
Q

What arises from mesodermal mesenchyme?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT

106
Q

Where does the thymus originate from?

A

Outgrowth of the endoderm

Fall 2024 (14 decks)

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