CHM 60 Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the key electrolytes?
Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3
What affects the solubility of electrolytes?
1.pH
2. Temperature
3. Solvent
4. Hydration
5. Ions
What kind of bonds does H2O have?
Polar covalent bonds
What is Molarity
Unit of Concentration
Formula of Molarity?
Moles Solute / Liters of Solution
What do acids and bases produce?
Acids: H+ / H3O
Bases: OH+
Name the characteristics of bases
- High pH
- Chalky, bitter, slippery, soapy
- Are electrolytes
Name the characteristics of organic compounds
- Low melting/boiling points
- Insoluble and less dense than water
- Burn vigorously and can undergo combustion
What bonds do organic compounds have? What are they made out of AND can contain?
- Covalent Bonds
- Nonmetals and can contain S, O, N, P + Halogens
Name the Halogen Substituents
Cl, F, I, Br
Name the properties of alkanes as the size of the carbon chain changes
- Boiling and melting points increase w/ lengthening
- Solubility decreases
- Density increases
- Short chains = more flammable
- Viscosity increases
How do you name ethers?
Oxy in between each INDIVIDUAL branch
What are the physical properties of alcohol?
- Can form bond with other substances
- Higher melting and boiling points vs other hydrocarbons
- Can dissolve by forming hydrogen bond with H2O
What are the properties of alkenes and alkynes?
- Insoluble in H2O (nonpolar)
- Less dense than H2O
- Can undergo combustion to produce H2O, CO2, and heat
- Can undergo addition
What are enantiomers?
Mirror image molecules
What are the two carbohydrate cycles, their reactants, and their products? Additionally for the “second” part of the cycle; what is it described as?
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
(Oxidation of glucose in cells)
What are Fischer Projections?
Represent Monosaccharides
List features of Glucose
- Most common hexose
- Building block of disaccharides
- Excess is converted to glycogen and stored in muscle and liver
*also known as blood sugar/dextrose
What are the features of Fructose?
- Aldohexane obtained from disaccharide lactose
- Important for cellular membrane of brain and nervous system
What are the features of Galactose?
- Ketohexane
- Sweetest of the carbohydrates
- A hydrolysis product of sucrase
Name the 3 monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
What are Haworth Structures?
Cyclopentose or cyclohexose
What is Cyclization?
C5 carbon’s hydroxyl group (OH) reacts with carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) to close ring
What are the 3 disaccharides and what are the monosaccharides that make them up?
- Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
- Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
- Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Name the characteristics of sucrose
- Table sugar
- Derived from sugarcane and sugarbeet
Name the characteristics of lactose
- Found in milk products
- Source of galactose in the body
Name the characteristics of maltose
- Derived from hydrolysis of starch
- Used in brewing
- Found in cereals and candy
Name the characteristics of maltose
- Derived from hydrolysis of starch
- Used in brewing
- Found in cereals and candy
What is addition?
When triple and double bonds break, so that other things can be added
