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Fall 2024 > CHM 60 Exam 2 > Flashcards

CHM 60 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key electrolytes?

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3

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2
Q

What affects the solubility of electrolytes?

A

1.pH
2. Temperature
3. Solvent
4. Hydration
5. Ions

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3
Q

What kind of bonds does H2O have?

A

Polar covalent bonds

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4
Q

What is Molarity

A

Unit of Concentration

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5
Q

Formula of Molarity?

A

Moles Solute / Liters of Solution

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6
Q

What do acids and bases produce?

A

Acids: H+ / H3O
Bases: OH+

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7
Q

Name the characteristics of bases

A
  1. High pH
  2. Chalky, bitter, slippery, soapy
  3. Are electrolytes
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8
Q

Name the characteristics of organic compounds

A
  1. Low melting/boiling points
  2. Insoluble and less dense than water
  3. Burn vigorously and can undergo combustion
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9
Q

What bonds do organic compounds have? What are they made out of AND can contain?

A
  1. Covalent Bonds
  2. Nonmetals and can contain S, O, N, P + Halogens
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10
Q

Name the Halogen Substituents

A

Cl, F, I, Br

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11
Q

Name the properties of alkanes as the size of the carbon chain changes

A
  1. Boiling and melting points increase w/ lengthening
  2. Solubility decreases
  3. Density increases
  4. Short chains = more flammable
  5. Viscosity increases
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12
Q

How do you name ethers?

A

Oxy in between each INDIVIDUAL branch

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13
Q

What are the physical properties of alcohol?

A
  1. Can form bond with other substances
  2. Higher melting and boiling points vs other hydrocarbons
  3. Can dissolve by forming hydrogen bond with H2O
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14
Q

What are the properties of alkenes and alkynes?

A
  1. Insoluble in H2O (nonpolar)
  2. Less dense than H2O
  3. Can undergo combustion to produce H2O, CO2, and heat
  4. Can undergo addition
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15
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Mirror image molecules

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16
Q

What are the two carbohydrate cycles, their reactants, and their products? Additionally for the “second” part of the cycle; what is it described as?

A

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
(Oxidation of glucose in cells)

17
Q

What are Fischer Projections?

A

Represent Monosaccharides

18
Q

List features of Glucose

A
  1. Most common hexose
  2. Building block of disaccharides
  3. Excess is converted to glycogen and stored in muscle and liver

*also known as blood sugar/dextrose

19
Q

What are the features of Fructose?

A
  1. Aldohexane obtained from disaccharide lactose
  2. Important for cellular membrane of brain and nervous system
20
Q

What are the features of Galactose?

A
  1. Ketohexane
  2. Sweetest of the carbohydrates
  3. A hydrolysis product of sucrase
21
Q

Name the 3 monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
22
Q

What are Haworth Structures?

A

Cyclopentose or cyclohexose

23
Q

What is Cyclization?

A

C5 carbon’s hydroxyl group (OH) reacts with carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) to close ring

24
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides and what are the monosaccharides that make them up?

A
  1. Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
  2. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
  3. Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
25
Q

Name the characteristics of sucrose

A
  1. Table sugar
  2. Derived from sugarcane and sugarbeet
26
Q

Name the characteristics of lactose

A
  1. Found in milk products
  2. Source of galactose in the body
27
Q

Name the characteristics of maltose

A
  1. Derived from hydrolysis of starch
  2. Used in brewing
  3. Found in cereals and candy
28
Q

Name the characteristics of maltose

A
  1. Derived from hydrolysis of starch
  2. Used in brewing
  3. Found in cereals and candy
29
Q

What is addition?

A

When triple and double bonds break, so that other things can be added

Fall 2024 (13 decks)

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