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Fall 2024 > Human Anatomy CH 19 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy CH 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart?

A

Muscular double pump

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2
Q

What are the two functions of the heart? Be sure to describe their functions

A
  1. Pulmonary Circuit - Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
  2. Systemic Circuit - Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps throughout body
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3
Q

What are the atria’s functions?

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuit

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4
Q

What is the ventricles?

A

Pumping chambers of the heart

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5
Q

What is the weight of a healthy heart?

A

250-350 grams

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6
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Between the lungs

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7
Q

The heart is the largest organ of the ________

A

Mediastinum

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8
Q

What lies to the left of the midline of the heart?

A

Apex

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9
Q

What is the broad posterior surface of the heart?

A

Base

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10
Q

Describe where the superior right area of the heart

A

At costal cartilage of third rib and sternum

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11
Q

Describe where the inferior right area of the heart

A

At costal cartilage of sixth rib lateral to sternum

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12
Q

Describe where the superior left area of the heart

A

At costal cartilage of second rib lateral to the sternum

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13
Q

Describe where the inferior left area of the heart

A

Lies in the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

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14
Q

What are the two primary layers that the pericardium is divided into?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous pericardium
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15
Q

What type of tissue is the fibrous pericardium made out of?

A

Strong layer of dense connective tissue

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16
Q

What two layers form the SEROUS pericardium?

A
  1. Parietal layer of serous pericardium
  2. Visceral layer of serous pericardium
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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall and their qualities?

A
  1. Epicardium - Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
  2. Myocardium - Consists of cardiac muscle that is arranged in circular and spiral patterns
  3. Endocardium - Endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
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18
Q

What are 3 external markings of the heart chambers?

A
  1. Coronary sulcus
  2. Anterior interventricular sulcus
  3. Posterior interventricular sulcus
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19
Q

What forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

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20
Q

Where does the right atrium receive oxygen-poor blood from (which vessels)? What circuit does it come from?

A

Systemic circuit
1. Superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Coronary sinus

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21
Q

What are the ridges inside the anterior of right atrium called?

A

Pectinate muscles

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22
Q

What landmark is used to locate veins entering the right atrium?

A

Crista Terminalis

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23
Q

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the _________

A

Foramen Ovale

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24
Q

Where does the right ventricle receive blood from?

A

Right atrium through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

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25
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood into?

A

Pulmonary circuit through the pulmonary trunk

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26
Q

What are the 3 parts of the internal walls of the right and left ventricle?

A
  1. Trabculae carnae
  2. Papillary muscles
  3. Chordae tendinae
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27
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

Opening of right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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28
Q

What makes up the heart’s posterior surface?

A

Left atrium

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29
Q

Where does the left atrium receive oxygen-rich blood from?

A

Pulmonary veins

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30
Q

The left atrium opens into the left ventricle through __________ (list all 3 names)

A
  1. Left atrioventricular valve
  2. Bicuspid valve
  3. Mitral valve
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31
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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32
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood through what circuit via what valve?

A

Systemic circuit via aortic semilunar valve

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33
Q

What is every valve composed of (include tissue type)?

A

Endocardium with connective tissue core

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34
Q

Where are the Atrioventricular (AV) valves located? What are their alternate names?

A
  1. Right AV valve = Tricuspid valve
  2. Left AV valve = Bicuspid valve
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35
Q

Where are the aortic and pulmonary valves located?

A

At junction of ventricles and great arteries

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36
Q

What surrounds all 4 valves? What kind of tissue is it composed of?

A

Cardiac skeleton; composed of dense connective tissue

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37
Q

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A
  1. Anchors valve cusps
  2. Prevents overdilation of valve openings
  3. Main points of insertion for cardiac muscle
  4. Blocks direct spread of electrical impulses
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38
Q

“Lub” is the sound of _______

A

AV valves closing

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39
Q

“Dub” is the sound of _______

A

Semilunar valves closing

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40
Q

Name the valve and what heart corner is best for hearing their valve sounds

A
  1. Pulmonary valve - Superior left corner
  2. Aortic valve - Superior right corner
  3. Mitral (Bicuspid) valve - At the apex
  4. Tricuspid valve - Inferior right corner
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41
Q

Describe ALL 10 steps of the pathway of blood through the heart (in order)

A
  1. Oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the body tissues (systemic circuit). Oxygen-poor blood returns from the body tissues back to the heart
  2. Coronary sinus, superior, and inferior vena cavae
  3. Right atrium
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary trunk
  6. Oxygen-poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to lungs (pulmonary circuit) to be oxygenated, then returns to the heart via four pulmonary veins
  7. Four pulmonary veins
  8. Left atrium
  9. Left ventricle
  10. Aorta
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42
Q

As a drop of blood passes through all structures sequentially, what happens to the atria and ventricles?

A

Atria contract together and ventricles contract together

43
Q

How many beats per minute when the heart is resting?

A

70-80 beats per minute

44
Q

What is the contraction of a heart chamber called?

A

Systole

45
Q

What is the expansion of a heart chamber called?

A

Diastole

46
Q

What does systole and diastole ALSO refer to?

A

Stage of heartbeat when ventricles contract and expand

47
Q

Describe the walls of the atria and the ventricles

A

Atria - Thin walls
Ventricles - Thick walls

48
Q

Describe the systemic circuit

A

It’s longer than the pulmonary circuit and offers greater resistance to blood flow

49
Q

The left ventricle is _____________ than right ventricle because it _________________

A

three times thicker than right ventricle because it exerts more pumping force

50
Q

The left ventricle flattens the right ventricle into what shape?

A

Crescent shape

51
Q

What does cardiac muscle tissue form? What differentiates this type of tissue?

A

Myocardium; striated, like skeletal muscle

52
Q

How do contractions affect the cardiac muscle tissue? How does cardiac muscle tissue help blood flow?

A

Contracts via sliding filament mechanism. Contractions pump blood through the heart and into blood vessels

53
Q

Describe cardiac muscle cells

A

Short, branching, have one or two nuclei, and do not have fused colonies

54
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Complex junctions that form cellular networks

55
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells separated by?

A

Endomysium

56
Q

What do cardiac muscle cells join together to form? What do they contain?

A

Binded together to form cardiac fibers that contain blood vessels and nerves

57
Q

How are cellular networks of intercalated discs formed?

A

Adjacent sarcolemmas interlock

58
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junctions

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Fasciae adherens - long desmosome-like junctions
  3. Gap junctions
59
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells triggered to contract? Name all “3” steps. What does it trigger?

A

Triggers sliding filament mechanism
1. Ca2+ enters the sarcoplasm
1a. Signals sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+ ions
1b. Ions diffuse into sarcomeres

60
Q

All cardiac cells are innervated. True or False?

A

False

61
Q

What is rhythmicity (rhythmic heartbeat basis)?

A

Contractions in a rhythmic manner without innervation

62
Q

What abilities do cardiac muscle tissue have?

A
  1. Generate and conduct impulses
  2. Signals cells to contract rhythmically
63
Q

What is the ‘conducting system’?

A

Series of specialized cardiac muscle cells

64
Q

What sets the inherent rate(heart rate) for contraction?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

65
Q

List the 5 steps of the conducting system. Remember to include WHERE they occur

A
  1. SA Node - Impulse generated - Right atrium
  2. AV Node - Impulse pauses - Bottom of right atrium
  3. AV Bundle connects atria and ventricles - Between atria and ventricles
  4. Bundle branches conducts impulses - Interventricular septum
  5. Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers) - Inner walls of the ventricles
66
Q

What can alter the heart rate?

A

Visceral sensory fibers
Parasympathetic fibers

67
Q

Where do the visceral sensory and parasympathetic fibers pass through?

A

Cardiac Plexus

68
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibers branch from? What is their function?

A

Branches from: Vagus nerve
Function: Decreased heart rate

69
Q

Where are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves restricted to?

A

SA Node, AV Node, and Coronary Arteries

70
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve innervate that the parasympathetic DOES NOT?

A

Cardiac musculature throughout the heart

71
Q

Where does the sympathetic nerves travel to? What is their function?

A

Travel to heart from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia
Function: Increases heart rate and strength of contraction

72
Q

What is the autonomic input controlled by?

A

Cardiac centers in reticular formation of medulla

73
Q

What are the two autonomic input centers? What do they influence?

A
  1. Cardioinhibitory center - Influences parasympathetic neurons
  2. Cardioacceleratory center - Influences sympathetic neurons
74
Q

What do the coronary arteries supply blood to? List the 2 coronary arteries

A

Muscular walls and tissues of the heart
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery

75
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Base of the aorta and run in the coronary sulcus

76
Q

What does the left coronary artery (LCA) branch into?

A

Anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

77
Q

What is the clinical name for the anterior interventricular artery?

A

Left anterior descending artery (LAD)

78
Q

What descends in coronary sulcus?

A

Right coronary artery (RCA)

79
Q

The right coronary artery branches to form __________ and ____________

A

Marginal artery & Posterior interventricular artery

80
Q

What is the clinical name for the posterior interventricular artery?

A

Posterior descending artery (PDA)

81
Q

What do the cardiac veins do?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart wall to the right atrium

82
Q

Where do the cardiac veins occupy?

A

Sulci on the heart surface

83
Q

What runs in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus? What is its function?

A

Coronary Sinus
Function: Returns majority of venous blood from the heart to the right atrium

84
Q

What are the 3 tributaries of the coronary sinus?

A
  1. Great cardiac vein
  2. Middle cardiac vein
  3. Small cardiac vein
85
Q

Name 4 coronary artery diseases and their defining feature

A
  1. Atherosclerosis - Fatty deposits
  2. Angina pectoris - Chest pain
  3. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - Blocked coronary artery
  4. No pain or warning
86
Q

What causes heart failure?

A

The heart progressively weakens, which results in the body’s demands for oxygenated blood not being met

87
Q

What disorder happens when the heart enlarges, resulting in a decline in pumping efficiency?

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

88
Q

What causes Pulmonary arterial hypertension?

A

Enlargement and potential failure of right ventricle

89
Q

What is Arrythmias?

A

Variation from normal heart rhythm

90
Q

What does ventricular fibrillation result from? What causes it and what is it a common cause of?

A
  1. A crippled conducting system
  2. Rapid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles
  3. Common cause of cardiac arrest
91
Q

What happens to the heart on about day 20-21?

A

Heart folds into thorax region

92
Q

What day does the heart start pumping?

A

22

93
Q

Are the earliest heart chambers unpaired or paired?

A

Unpaired

94
Q

List the heart chambers within embryonic development from “head to tail”

A

Bulbus cordis, Ventricle, Atrium, Sinus Venosus

95
Q

What does the Sinus-Venous become?

A

Smooth-walled part of right atrium, coronary sinus, and SA node

96
Q

What does the Atrium become?

A

Ridged parts of right and left atria

97
Q

What does the Ventricle become? What is this chamber known for?

A

Left ventricle; strongest pumping chamber

98
Q

What does the Bulbus Cordis become?

A

Right ventricle

With the truncus arteriosus gives rise to the pulmonary trunk and first part of the aorta

99
Q

What month is common for development of congenital heart defects?

A

Month 2

100
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

Ventricular septal defect

101
Q

What are the 2 basic categories of defect?

A
  1. Inadequately oxygenated blood reaches body tissues
  2. Ventricles labor under increased workload
102
Q

What can exercise help do for the heart?

A
  1. Increases strength of the heart
  2. Help clears fatty deposits in coronary arteries
103
Q

As humans age, what changes happen to the heart?

A
  1. Hardening and thickening of heart valve cusps
  2. Decline in cardiac reserves
  3. Fibrosis of cardiac muscle

Fall 2024 (14 decks)

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