Microbiology CH 13 Flashcards
What is the body’s ability to recognize and react to a specific invader?
Specific Immunity
Is specific immunity when the body reacts to the H1N1 influenza virus rather than the H5N8 influenza virus?
Yes
What are the 4 elements of specific immunity?
- It’s a ‘smart’ system
- It’s acquired and developed over time
- A response includes organs
- It’s triggered by specific antigens
What does it mean when the body has a ‘smart’ system?
Has a “memory” to respond rapidly to an infection the second time it happens
What does a response entail?
Includes B and T lymphocytes
What is anything that stimulates a specific immune response called?
Antigen
What is the 3D region of an antigen that is actually recognized by the immune system called?
Epitope
What part of the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is recognized by the immune system?
Particular set of sugars on polysaccharide
O-Antigen
How many epitopes does an antigen have? What is it recognized by?
Multiple epitopes; recognized by different things
What type of antigens are found on invaders that exist outside host cells?
Exogenous antigens
What are 2 invaders with exogenous antigens?
- Bacterial infections
- Parasitic worms
How does the immune system encounter exogenous antigens/the invaders?
Encounters them directly
What type of antigens are found on invaders that exist inside body cells?
Endogenous antigens
What are 2 “invaders” with endogenous antigens?
- Viruses once they’ve entered the host cell
- Obligate intracellular parasites
Can the immune system detect endogenous antigens directly? Why?
No, because they’re not floating around in the body
What must happen for endogenous antigens to be detected by the immune system?
Antigens must be incorporated into the host cell membrane
What antigens are naturally found on host cells?
Autoantigens
Why do immune cells need to ignore autoantigens?
Because autoantigens label cell as “self”
What happens when immune cells recognize autoantigen cells?
Immune cells that recognize autoantigens are destroyed
What happens if immune cells DON’T destroy autoantigens?
Leads to autoimmunity
What are proteins used by the immune system to identify, bind to, and help attack invading organisms called?
Antibodies
What are antibodies composed of? What types of ‘chains’ are there and how many?
Four polypeptides connected to each other by disulfide bridges
What do antibodies look like?
“Y” shape, stem, hinge, and 2 arms
What part of the antibodies are constant? Which parts are variable?
Constant - Stem, hinge, lower part of arms
Variable - Upper parts of arms