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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the commonest cause of gastroenteritis worldwide?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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2
Q

Incubation period of campylobacter

A

16-48 hours

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3
Q

Microbiology of campylobacter

A

Gram -ve
bacillus
curved

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4
Q

Cause of campylobacter infection

A

Undercooked poultry

Unpasteurised milk

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5
Q

Clinical presentation of campylobacter

A

Diarrhoea
- +/- blood
Fever
Abdominal pain

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6
Q

Management of campylobacter

A

Self limiting

Immunocompromised - macrolides

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7
Q

Investigations of campylobacter

A

Stool culture

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8
Q

Salmonella enterica - incubation period

A

12-48 hours

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9
Q

Salmonella enterica - microbiology

A

Gram -ve bacillus

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10
Q

Salmonella enterica - cause

A

Undercooked poultry
Meat
Raw eggs
Reptiles

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11
Q

Salmonella enterica - clinical presentation

A 
Diarrhoea 
- +/- blood
Fever
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
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12
Q

Salmonella enterica - investigations

A

Stool culture

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13
Q

Salmonella enterica - management

A

Mainly self limiting

Severe - ciprofloxacin

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14
Q

Shigella - incidence

A

Outbreaks common in children

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15
Q

Shigella - incubation period

A

1-9 days

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16
Q

Shigella - microbiology

A

Gram -ve bacillus

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17
Q

Shigella - cause

A

Person-to-person spread

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18
Q

Shigella - clinical presentation

A

Diarrhoea + blood
Pus
Abdominal pain

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19
Q

Shigella - investigations

A

Stool culture

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20
Q

Shigella - management

A

Mainly self limiting

Severe - ciprofloxacin

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21
Q

E. Coli O157 - incidence

A

Children

elderly

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22
Q

E. Coli O157 - incubation period

A

1-14 days

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23
Q

E. Coli O157 - microbiology

A

Gram -ve bacillus

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24
Q

E. Coli O157 - cause

A

Petting animals at farms
Minced beef - burgers
Water
Unpasteurised milk

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25
Q

E. Coli O157 - Clinical presentation

A

Diarrhoea + blood
Abdominal pain
Fever

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26
Q

E. COli O157 - investigations

A

Stool culture - if -ve despite blood in stool then test for VTEC (toxin test)
Blood test - check for HUS, increased WCC, decreased Hb

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27
Q

E. Coli O157 - management

A

Mainly self limiting

Antibiotics are NOT advised (as this may increase toxin release, making HUS more likely)

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28
Q

O157

A

O antigens

Strain produces VTEC

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29
Q

E. Coli O157 - Toxins

A

Produces shiga like toxins (new name for VTEC)

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30
Q

E. Coli O157 - complications

A

HUS

- common cause of renal failure

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31
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - incidence

A

Travel related
SE asia
India

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32
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - incubation period

A

14-21 days

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33
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - cause

A

Person-to-person spread
Eating contaminated food
Drinking contaminated water
Hand hygeine

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34
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - clinical presentation

A 
Headache
Fever
Dry cough 
Rash 
Constipation or diarrhoea
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35
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - investigations

A

Blood culture

Stool culture

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36
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - management

A

Mainly self limiting

Severe - ceftriaxone

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37
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - complications

A

GI bleeding
Perforation
Encephalopathy

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38
Q

Salmonella typhia/paratyphia - vaccinations

A

Protect against typhoid

No protection against paratyphoid

39
Q

Vibrio cholera - incubation period

40
Q

Vibrio cholera - microbiology

A

gram -ve bacillus

41
Q

Vibrio cholera - cause

A

Person to person spread
Drinking contaminated water
Outbreaks in refugee camps

42
Q

Vibrio cholera - clinical presentation

A

Watery diarrhoea

Dehydration

43
Q

Vibrio cholera - investigations

A

Stool culture

44
Q

Vibrio cholera - management

A

Re hydration

45
Q

Staph aureus - incubation period

46
Q

Staph aureus - cause

A

Eating a cream bun

Due to pre-formed toxins in food (enterotoxin)

47
Q

Staph aureus - clinical presentation

A

Vomiting

Abdominal pain

48
Q

Staph aureus - Management

A

Flucloxacillin

49
Q

Bacillus cerus - incubations period

50
Q

Bacillus cerus - cause

A

Reheated rice

Pre-formed toxin

51
Q

Bacillus cerus - clinical presentation

52
Q

Bacillus cerus - management

A

Self limiting

53
Q

Rotavirus - incidence

A

Young children

Outbreaks

54
Q

Rotavirus - cause

A

Person to person spread

Faecal oral spread

55
Q

Rotavirus - clinical presentation

A

Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Dehydration

56
Q

Rotavirus - investigations

57
Q

Rotavirus - management

A

Self limiting

58
Q

Rotavirus - vaccination

A

Oral

Live attenuated

59
Q

Norovirus - incidence

A

Outbreaks

Common in schools, hospitals, cruise ship

60
Q

Norovirus - cause

A

Person to person spread
Droplet
Faecal oral route
Shellfish

61
Q

Norovirus - clinical presentation

A

Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Cramps

62
Q

Norovirus - investigations

63
Q

Norovirus - management

A

Self limiting

64
Q

Amoebiasis - microbiology

A

Protozoal infection

65
Q

Amoebiasis - cause

A

Faecal oral spread
Poor sanitation
Travel related

66
Q

Amoebiasis - clinical presentation

A

Bloody diarrhoea
Fever
Abdominal pain

67
Q

Amoebiasis - investigations

A

Stool microscopy
AXR
Endoscopy
Serology

68
Q

Amoebiasis - management

A

Metronidazole

69
Q

Giradiasis - microbiology

A

Protozoal infection

Happy faces

70
Q

Giardiasis - cause

A

Faecal oral spread
Travel related
Spores can exist on salad

71
Q

Giardia - clinical presentation

A 
Watery diarrhoea 
Bloating 
Flatulence 
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
72
Q

Giardia - investigations

A

Stool microscopy

OGD biopsy

73
Q

Giardiasis - management

A

Metronidazole

74
Q

C. diff - incidence

A

Common in the healthcare setting

75
Q

C. diff - microbiology

A

Gram +ve bacillus

Anaerobic

76
Q

C. diff - spores

A

Survive adverse conditions

Alcohol gel doesn’t work

77
Q

C. diff - cause

A

Antibiotics - 4 C’s

78
Q

C. diff - mechanism of action

A

Produces 2 toxins

  • toxin A (enterotoxin)
  • toxin B (cytotoxin)
79
Q

C. diff - clinical presentation

A

Diarrhoea

Abdominal pain

80
Q

C. diff - investigations

A

Stool sample - screen for GDH
If GDH +ve then test for presence of toxin A or B (PCR)
- screening test -ve then -ve result
- screening test +ve and toxin test -ve then intermittent
- screening test +ve and toxin test +ve then +ve result

81
Q

C. diff - Management

A

Mild - oral metronidazole

Severe - oral vancomycin

82
Q

C. diff - complications

A

Toxic megacolon
Perforation
Peritonitis

83
Q

C. diff - recurrence (1st relapse)

A

Fidaxomicin

84
Q

C. diff - recurrence (subsequent relapse)

A

Faecal transplant (through NG tube)

85
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli - cause

A

Most common cause of travellers diarrhoea

86
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli - clinical presentation

87
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli - management

A

Self limiting

Single dose of ciprofloxacin

88
Q

Cryptosporidium - incidence

89
Q

Cryptosporidium - microbiology

A

Protozoal infection

90
Q

Cryptosporidium - cause

A

Travel related
Contact with animals
Contaminated water
Swimming pools

91
Q

Cryptosporidium - clinical presentation

92
Q

Cryptosporidium - investigations

A

Stool

Duodenal aspirate

93
Q

Cryptosporidium - management

A

Self limiting

GI SOH (71 decks)

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