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Microbiology 111 > Micro Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Micro Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define diplococcus

A

When cocci shaped cells divide and remains attached after division is complete.- Same applies for diplobacilli.

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2
Q

What types of cell shapes are associated with a single cell arrangement?

A

Cocci, bacilli, spirilla, spirochetes, and vibrios

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3
Q

What cell shapes are associated with chain arrangements?

A

Cocci and bacilli

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4
Q

What cell shapes are associated with tetrodes, cubes (sarina), and cluster (staphylo-) arrangements?

A

Cocci

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5
Q

What cell shapes are associated with palisade and angular arrangements?

A

Bacilli

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6
Q

Describe a tetrad

A

When a second cell division occurs in a plane that is perpendicular to the first division. ( looks like a square made of four circles)

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7
Q

Describe a cube (sarina) shape arrangement

A

When a third cell division occurs that is perpendicular to the first two produces a cube shaped arrangement of eight cells. (cube made of eight circles)

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8
Q

Describe staphylococcus

A

When the division plane of a coccus are irregular, a cluster of cells is produced.

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9
Q

When are cellular arrangements easiest to see?

A

When the organisms are grown in broth, or observed from a direct smear.

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10
Q

What are stains made of?

A

Solvent (water or ethanol) and a colored molecule (often benzene derivative) called chromogen.

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11
Q

Define chromophore

A

The portion of a chromogen that gives it color. Chromogen may have multiple chromophores, each adding intensity to the color.

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12
Q

Define auxochrome

A

The charged portion of the chromogen and allow it to act asa dye through ionic or covenant bonds between the chromogen and the cell.

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13
Q

Define basic stains

A

When autochrome becomes positively charged as a result of picking up a hydrogen ion or losing a hydroxide ion- are attracted to negative charges on the surface of most bacterial cells.

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14
Q

What are common basic stains?

A

Methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin.

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15
Q

What are basic stains used on?

A

bacterial smears that have been heat fixed.

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16
Q

What does heat fixing do to bacteria?

A

Kills them, makes them adhere to the slide, and coagulates cytoplasmic proteins to make them more visible. Some cellular distortion is caused.

17
Q

Which cells are decolorized by the deodorizer in gram staining?

A

Gram negative.

18
Q

What is the primary stain in gram staining?

A

Chrystal violet

19
Q

What is the mordant in gram staining?

A

Iodine- used to enhance the crystal violet staining by forming a crystal violet-iodine complex.

20
Q

What is the counterstain in gram staining?

A

Safranin- which will stain the gram negative cells.

21
Q

How are gram negative cell walls different than gram positive cell walls?

A

Gram negative have higher lipid contentment and thinner peptidoglycan layer.

22
Q

What are capsules composed of ?

A

Mucoid polysaccharides of polypeptides that repel most stains because of their neutral charge.

23
Q

What are acid stains?

A

Congo red or nigrosin- used for staining the background while doing a capsule stain.

24
Q

What kind of stain is used to stain cells in the capsule staining process?

A

Basic stains

25
Q

What produces endospores?

A

Gram positive bacillus bacteria.

26
Q

Can endospores be made by small cells?

A

No, small cells don’t have enough room to make endospores.

27
Q

What genus of endospore forming bacteria are pathogenic?

A

Clostridium genus

Tetanus, botulism, gangrene

28
Q

In endospore staining, what is the primary stain doing?

What is the stain called?

A

Staining the endospores.

Malachite Green

29
Q

What is the counterstain doing in the endospore staining process?
What is the counterstain in endospore staining?

A

It is staining the bacterial walls.

Safranin

30
Q

Is there a deodorizing step in endospore staining?

A

No

31
Q

In capsule staining, what is the primary stain?

A

India ink

32
Q

In capsule staining, what is the counterstain?

A

Crystal violet

33
Q

In the capsule staining, what color is the cell?

A

purple

34
Q

What color is the capsule?

A

Clear

35
Q

What is the outer covering endospores made of ?

A

Keratin

36
Q

When conditions are favorable, what state do endospores take on?

A

They germinate and enter their vegetative state.

Microbiology 111 (54 decks)

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