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Microbiology 111 > Ch. 2 Lecture Element > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Lecture Element Flashcards

The four biological molecules.

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Give examples of each type.

A

Simple sugars:
Monosaccharide- Glucose
Disaccharide- Sucrose
Polysaccharide- Glycogen

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2
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Give examples of each

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid- DNA

Ribonucleic acid- RNA

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3
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids- Enzymes

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4
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?
How are they built?
What are examples of each?

A

Monoglyceride- Glycerol + one fatty acid- most detergents
Diglyceride- glycerol + two fatty acids- phospholipids
Triglyceride- glycerol + three fatty acids- vegetable oils
Waxes- long chain alcohol + fatty acid- Mycolic acid
Steroids- fused hydrocarbon rings- Cholesterol

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5
Q

What are carbohydrate functions?

A 
Energy source
Stuctural biomolecules
Cellular Adhesion
Communication
Environmental sensing
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6
Q

Define carbohydrate.

A

Organic molecules consisting of one or more sugar monomers.

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7
Q

Single sugars are built from what?

What is the formula?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

CH2O

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8
Q

Define how disaccharides are created.

A

The bonding of two monosaccharides with a glycosidic bond.

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9
Q

What are the four types of lipids?

A

Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

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10
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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11
Q

Define amphipathic

A

Having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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12
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy source
Cell structure component
Mediate cell signaling

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13
Q

What are the functions of phospholipids?

A

Common ingredient of the cell membrane
Amphipathic
Organized into lipid bilayers

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14
Q

What is the function of glycolipids?

A

Lipids and oils linked to carbohydrates

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15
Q

What is the function of lipoprotein?

A

Lipids and oils linked to proteins.

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16
Q

What is the function of lipopolysaccharide?

A

Toxic portion of gram-negative bacterial cell wall

17
Q

What is the function of mycolic acid?

A

Part of the cell wall of acid fast bacteria

Increases bacterial pathogenicity

18
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

It is abundant in animal cell plasma membrane

19
Q

Define Nucleic Acids

A

Macromolecules that serve as the genetic material of cells and viruses

20
Q

What are the two main categories of nucleic acids?

A

DNA- double stranded helical molecule

RNA- single stranded molecule

21
Q

Define nucleic acid structure

A

They are polymers of nucleotides consisting of:
A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose ind DNA, ribose in RNA)
One to three phosphate groups
Single nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)

22
Q

What makes up DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

23
Q

What makes up RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosin, and uracil

24
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Cellular work horse- encodes proteins- every cellular process involves proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids

25
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

22 genetically encoded proteins
20 “standard” proteins
2 non-standard (selenocysteine and pyrrolysine)

26
Q

How are amino acids connected?

A

Peptide bonds- amino group of one amino acid is attached to the carboxyl group of the next

27
Q

What are peptides?

A

Short amino acid chains

28
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Long chains of amino acids

29
Q

What does protein folding refer to?

A

The process where proteins take on higher order structure.

30
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tirtiary
Quaternary

31
Q

Define the primary level of protein structure.

A

When peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a proteins primary structure.

32
Q

What are examples of secondary protein structures?

A

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.

33
Q

Define the tertiary level of protein structure.

A

Three dimensional globular structures characterized by covalent and non-covalent bonds

34
Q

Define the quaternary level of protein structure.

A

When two or more polypeptides come together

35
Q

What are the function of proteins within the cell?

A 
Structural scaffolding
Enzymes
Cellular transporters
Cell recognition
Communication

Microbiology 111 (54 decks)

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