Ch. 2 Lecture Element Flashcards
The four biological molecules.
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Give examples of each type.
Simple sugars:
Monosaccharide- Glucose
Disaccharide- Sucrose
Polysaccharide- Glycogen
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Give examples of each
Deoxyribonucleic acid- DNA
Ribonucleic acid- RNA
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids- Enzymes
What are the building blocks of lipids?
How are they built?
What are examples of each?
Monoglyceride- Glycerol + one fatty acid- most detergents
Diglyceride- glycerol + two fatty acids- phospholipids
Triglyceride- glycerol + three fatty acids- vegetable oils
Waxes- long chain alcohol + fatty acid- Mycolic acid
Steroids- fused hydrocarbon rings- Cholesterol
What are carbohydrate functions?
Energy source Stuctural biomolecules Cellular Adhesion Communication Environmental sensing
Define carbohydrate.
Organic molecules consisting of one or more sugar monomers.
Single sugars are built from what?
What is the formula?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
CH2O
Define how disaccharides are created.
The bonding of two monosaccharides with a glycosidic bond.
What are the four types of lipids?
Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.
What are lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Define amphipathic
Having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
What are the functions of lipids?
Energy source
Cell structure component
Mediate cell signaling
What are the functions of phospholipids?
Common ingredient of the cell membrane
Amphipathic
Organized into lipid bilayers
What is the function of glycolipids?
Lipids and oils linked to carbohydrates
What is the function of lipoprotein?
Lipids and oils linked to proteins.
What is the function of lipopolysaccharide?
Toxic portion of gram-negative bacterial cell wall
What is the function of mycolic acid?
Part of the cell wall of acid fast bacteria
Increases bacterial pathogenicity
What is the function of cholesterol?
It is abundant in animal cell plasma membrane
Define Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules that serve as the genetic material of cells and viruses
What are the two main categories of nucleic acids?
DNA- double stranded helical molecule
RNA- single stranded molecule
Define nucleic acid structure
They are polymers of nucleotides consisting of:
A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose ind DNA, ribose in RNA)
One to three phosphate groups
Single nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)
What makes up DNA
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
What makes up RNA
Adenine, guanine, cytosin, and uracil
What does DNA do?
Cellular work horse- encodes proteins- every cellular process involves proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
How many amino acids are there?
22 genetically encoded proteins
20 “standard” proteins
2 non-standard (selenocysteine and pyrrolysine)
How are amino acids connected?
Peptide bonds- amino group of one amino acid is attached to the carboxyl group of the next
What are peptides?
Short amino acid chains
What are polypeptides?
Long chains of amino acids
What does protein folding refer to?
The process where proteins take on higher order structure.
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary
Secondary
Tirtiary
Quaternary
Define the primary level of protein structure.
When peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a proteins primary structure.
What are examples of secondary protein structures?
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.
Define the tertiary level of protein structure.
Three dimensional globular structures characterized by covalent and non-covalent bonds
Define the quaternary level of protein structure.
When two or more polypeptides come together
What are the function of proteins within the cell?
Structural scaffolding Enzymes Cellular transporters Cell recognition Communication
