Ch. 12- Introduction to Third Line Defense Flashcards
What are adaptive responses specific to?
A particular antigen
Define the cellular response of adaptive immunity
T-cell mediated response
Define humoral response
B-cell mediated response
What type of cells act as antigen presenting cells?
Dendritic cells and other white blood cells
What do antigen presenting cells do?
Take up antigens, process them, and show them to T-cells
Do B cells need antigen presenting cells to show them antigens?
No, they can directly interact with antigens.
Define lymphocyte activation and when it occurs
Activates when antigens are successfully presented
Activated by cytokins
Activated T-cells influence B cell activation
Define clonal expansion and when it occurs
Proliferation of T and B cells
Happens after lymphocyte activation
Define effector cells
Cells in the adaptive immunity that will engage in a response against an antigen
Define memory cells
Cells that remain in the lymphatic tissues and helps rapidly recognize an antigen if encountered again.
Define Antigen elimination
Once antigens are eliminated the effector cells die off, but the memory cells remain for years.
Define immunogenic
Any cell that can trigger an immune response.
Define haptens
Antigens that are unable to generate an immune response unless they are linked to a more complex protein or polysaccharide.
Define epitope
The part of the antigen that B and T cells recognize.
Define TCRs
T cell receptors- they are the antigen recognition receptors.
Define BCRs
B cell receptors- these are the antigen recognition receptors.
What is another term for effector cells?
Plasma cells- these are the cells that attack antigens/ bacteria
What do plasma cells create?
Antibodies- a secreted form of BCRs (B cell receptors that recognize antigens)
Define Cluster of Differentiation Proteins
Proteins attached to T cells that help us know if they are T cytotoxic (CD8) cells of T helper (CD4) cells.
How do T helper cells help coordinate the humoral response?
By releasing cytokines that boost the activity of white blood cells- especially B cells and T cytotoxic cells.
What are the three types of T helper cells focused on in this course and what do they do?
T Helper 1- Releases cytokines and activate T cytotoxic cells, NK cells, and macrophages to kill pathogens.
T helper 2- Release cytokines that encourage B cells to make antibodies
T regulatory cells- control the function of other whit blood cells including dendritic cells, mast cells, B cells and other T cells to ensure that immune responses taper off once the threat has subsided.
What is another term for MHCs and what are they?
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) or HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) are specialized self proteins. These are the bodies “self” uniform so the body knows not to kill itself.
Where is MHC I found, what does it interact with, and what antigens does it present?
Found on all body cells except red blood cells.
Interacts with CD 8 on T cytotoxic cells
Presents intracellular antigens
Where is MHC II found, what does it interact with, and what antigens does it present?
Found only on antigen presenting cells (APCs)- the most common of which is dendritic cells
Interacts with CD 4 on T helper cells
Presents with extracellular antigens.
