Ch. 12- Introduction to Third Line Defense

Question 1

What are adaptive responses specific to?

Answer 1

A particular antigen

Question 2

Define the cellular response of adaptive immunity

Answer 2

T-cell mediated response

Question 3

Define humoral response

Answer 3

B-cell mediated response

Question 4

What type of cells act as antigen presenting cells?

Answer 4

Dendritic cells and other white blood cells

Question 5

What do antigen presenting cells do?

Answer 5

Take up antigens, process them, and show them to T-cells

Question 6

Do B cells need antigen presenting cells to show them antigens?

Answer 6

No, they can directly interact with antigens.

Question 7

Define lymphocyte activation and when it occurs

Answer 7

Activates when antigens are successfully presented
Activated by cytokins
Activated T-cells influence B cell activation

Question 8

Define clonal expansion and when it occurs

Answer 8

Proliferation of T and B cells

Happens after lymphocyte activation

Question 9

Define effector cells

Answer 9

Cells in the adaptive immunity that will engage in a response against an antigen

Question 10

Define memory cells

Answer 10

Cells that remain in the lymphatic tissues and helps rapidly recognize an antigen if encountered again.

Question 11

Define Antigen elimination

Answer 11

Once antigens are eliminated the effector cells die off, but the memory cells remain for years.

Question 12

Define immunogenic

Answer 12

Any cell that can trigger an immune response.

Question 13

Define haptens

Answer 13

Antigens that are unable to generate an immune response unless they are linked to a more complex protein or polysaccharide.

Question 14

Define epitope

Answer 14

The part of the antigen that B and T cells recognize.

Question 15

Define TCRs

Answer 15

T cell receptors- they are the antigen recognition receptors.

Question 16

Define BCRs

Answer 16

B cell receptors- these are the antigen recognition receptors.

Question 17

What is another term for effector cells?

Answer 17

Plasma cells- these are the cells that attack antigens/ bacteria

Question 18

What do plasma cells create?

Answer 18

Antibodies- a secreted form of BCRs (B cell receptors that recognize antigens)

Question 19

Define Cluster of Differentiation Proteins

Answer 19

Proteins attached to T cells that help us know if they are T cytotoxic (CD8) cells of T helper (CD4) cells.

Question 20

How do T helper cells help coordinate the humoral response?

Answer 20

By releasing cytokines that boost the activity of white blood cells- especially B cells and T cytotoxic cells.

Question 21

What are the three types of T helper cells focused on in this course and what do they do?

Answer 21

T Helper 1- Releases cytokines and activate T cytotoxic cells, NK cells, and macrophages to kill pathogens.

T helper 2- Release cytokines that encourage B cells to make antibodies

T regulatory cells- control the function of other whit blood cells including dendritic cells, mast cells, B cells and other T cells to ensure that immune responses taper off once the threat has subsided.

Question 22

What is another term for MHCs and what are they?

Answer 22

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) or HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) are specialized self proteins. These are the bodies “self” uniform so the body knows not to kill itself.

Question 23

Where is MHC I found, what does it interact with, and what antigens does it present?

Answer 23

Found on all body cells except red blood cells.
Interacts with CD 8 on T cytotoxic cells
Presents intracellular antigens

Question 24

Where is MHC II found, what does it interact with, and what antigens does it present?

Answer 24

Found only on antigen presenting cells (APCs)- the most common of which is dendritic cells
Interacts with CD 4 on T helper cells
Presents with extracellular antigens.