Ch. 7 Lecture Elements

Question 1

Describe pinocytosis

Answer 1

Non-specific form of endocytosis- cell drinking.

This happens continuously.

Question 2

Describe phagocytosis

Answer 2

Protein receptor mediated endoycytosis. Stimulation of protein receptors on the outside of cells begins the process of the cell membrane moving outward, envaginating the thing touching the receptors. That is brought inside the cell, and this vacuole merges with a lysosome that breaks down the vacuole contents.

Question 3

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 3

This is the most specific for of endocytosis which uses hormones to mark things for consumptions. Active transport process which brings stuff into the cell and coats the vacuole with clatherin.

Question 4

Define cardinal temperature

Answer 4

The range of temperatures that a given microbial species can grow in.

Question 5

Define minimum temperature

Answer 5

The minimum temperature that permits microbe growth and metabolism. Below this, activities are limited.

Question 6

Define optimum temperature

Answer 6

An intermediate between maximum and minimum temperatures that has the fastest growth.

Question 7

Define maximum temperature

Answer 7

The highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can occur before proteins are denatured.

Question 8

Define obligate aerobes

Answer 8

Microbes that can only grow in the presence of oxygen.

Question 9

Define microaerofiles

Answer 9

Microbes oxygen, but at a lower concentration than what you would find in air.

Question 10

Define facultative anerobes

Answer 10

These microbes don’t require oxygen for metabolism, but when it is present, they will use it.

Question 11

Define obligate anerobes

Answer 11

Microbes that can’t grow in the presence of oxygen.

Question 12

Define aerotolerant anerobes

Answer 12

These microbes don’t use oxygen, but they are able to survive and grow a little bit within its presence. Not harmed by oxygen.

Question 13

What pH level do the majority of organisms grow in?

Answer 13

Between 6 and 8.

Question 14

What does pH measure?

Answer 14

The amount of hydrogen/hydrogenian ions in water.

Question 15

Define sterilization

Answer 15

Highest level of cleansing. Removes or destroys all forms of viable microorganisms. Done to inanimate objects.

Question 16

Define disinfection

Answer 16

Use of chemical agents to destroy vegetative pathogens. Removes harmful products of microorganisms (toxins) from the environment. Used on inanimate objects.

Question 17

Define decontamination

Answer 17

Also known as sanitization. Cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels.

Question 18

Define antisepsis

Answer 18

Also known as degermination- reduces the number of microbes on human skin.- A form of decontamination for living tissue.

Question 19

Define process

Answer 19

The action taken during sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, and antisepsis.

Question 20

Define agent

Answer 20

The tool used during the process of steriliztion-antisepsis.

Question 21

define bacteriocide

Answer 21

A chemical that destroys bacteria except at the endospore stage

Question 22

Define a fungicide

Answer 22

A chemical that can kill fungal spores

Question 23

Define virucide

Answer 23

A chemical known to inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue.

Question 24

Sporicide

Answer 24

An agent capable of destroying bacterial endospores.

Question 25

Germicide or microbicide

Answer 25

Chemical agents that kills microorganisms

Question 26

Sepsis

Answer 26

The growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues

Question 27

Asepsis

Answer 27

Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissue and thus prevents infection.

Question 28

Aseptic techniques

Answer 28

Practiced in healthcare- any practice ranging from sterilization to antisepsis

Question 29

Antiseptics

Answer 29

Chemical agents applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes) wounds, and surgical incisions to prevent infection

Question 30

Stasis/ Static

Answer 30

To stand still

Question 31

Bacteristatic

Answer 31

Chemical agents that prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment

Question 32

Fungistatic

Answer 32

Chemicals that inhibit fungal growth

Question 33

Microbistatic

Answer 33

The effect that antiseptics and drugs often have because microbicidal compounds can be toxic to human cells.

Question 34

-cide or -cidal

Answer 34

Meaning having the capacity to kill. Can be combined with other terms to define an antimicrobial agent aimed at destroying a certain group of microorganisms. Doesn’t necessarily result in sterilization, depending on how it is used.

Question 35

Microbial death

Answer 35

Permanent termination of an organisms vital processes.

Question 36

Mode or mechanism of action

Answer 36

The antimicrobial agent’s effects on cells.

Question 37

Aqueous Solution

Answer 37

Chemicals dissolved in pure water.

Question 38

Tinctures

Answer 38

Chemicals dissolved in pure alcohol or a alcohol water solution.

Question 39

Germicide

Answer 39

A substance or other agent that destroys harmful microorganisms; an antiseptic

Question 40

Define thermal death point

Answer 40

The lowest temperature at which a microbe in a liquid will be killed in 10 minutes.

Question 41

Define thermal death time

Answer 41

The amount of time to kill a bacteria in a liquid at a given temperature.

Question 42

Define decimal reduction time

Answer 42

Length of time at which 90% of the bacterial concentration will be killed at a given temperature.