Ch. 1- Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
Bacteria
Prokaryotic: Unicellular. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic
Archaea
Prokaryotic: Unicellular: Non-pathogenic. Live in extreme environments.
Protists
Eukaryotic: Unicellular: Pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Unicellular example, amoebae. Multicellular example, algae.
Fungi
Eukaryotic: Unicellular and multicellular. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic. Unicellular example, yeast. Multicellular example, mushrooms.
Helminths
Eukaryotic: Multicellular. Parasitic round worms and flatworms.
Viruses
Not cells, non-living. Infect animals, plants, or bacterial cells. Can have a DNA or RNA genome.
Prions
Non-cells, non-living- infectious proteins. Not discovered till the 1980s. Transmitted by transplant or ingestion. Some prion diseases are inherent.
State the Endosymbiotic theory
Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.
Pathogens
Microbes that always cause disease.
When was the golden age of microbiology?
1850-1920
Spontanious Generation
The idea that life comes from non-living items.
Biogenesis
The idea that life emerges from existing life.
Germ Theory
States that microbes cause infectious diseases
Koch’s Postulates of Disease
Four principles for determining the causative agents of an infectious disease.
1) The organism must be present in every case of the disease.
2) The organism must be isolated from the disease host and grown as a pure culture.
3) The organism should cause the disease in question when it is introduced (inoculated) into a susceptible host.
4) The organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal.
Asceptic techniches include
Washing hands, wearing gloves, sterilizing instruments, and decontaminating surfaces.
Scientific Method
1) Starts with a questions.
2) Then a hypothesis is proposed based on prior experience or observation is given as a potential answer to the questions.
3) Collection and analysis of observations which are used to form a conclusion that states whether the data supports or contradicts that hypothesis.
Laws
They predict what happens.
Theory
Explain how and why something occurs. Unlike a hypothesis, which focuses on a specific problem, theories are comprehensive bodies of work that are useful for making generalized predictions about natural phenomena. Theories unite many different hypotheses and laws.
Opportunistic Pathogens
Only cause disease in susceptible hosts.
What are the two types of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and archaea
What are the four types of eukaryotic cells?
Animals, plants, fungi, and protist.
Taxonomy
The study of how organisms can be grouped by shared features.
What characteristics does taxonomy use to group organisms?
Physical, biochemical features, ecology, and gene sequence.
Who is Carl Linnaeus. What did he do?
Father of Taxonomy.
Established system for classifying organisms.
Developed the binomial nomenclature system (two name system)- this includes genus and species designations.
The first name recognized genus and is capitalized. The second gene designates species.
Name the individual rankings within the taxanomic hiarchy in order.
Pneumonic- Delightful king Phillip came over for great spaghetti. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What are the three recognized domains?
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
What do domain bacteria and archaea include?
Unicelluar prokaryotic organisms
What does domain eukarya include?
Encompasses unicellular and multicellular organisms made of eukaryotic cells.
What are the six kingdoms?
Animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria
Symbiotic relationshipo
When two organisms are closely connected
Parasitic
When the symbiotic relationship hurts the host
Mutualism
When the symbiotic relationship helps the host
Commensalism
When the symbiotic relationship has no negative effect on the host.
Biofilm
Sticky communities made up of single or diverse microbial species.- This allows them to coordinate responses within an environment.
Planktonin
Free floating bacteria
Capsule
A sticky carbohydrate based structure that some bacteria use as a form of protection and sometimes is used to adhere to structures.
Endospores
Specialized dormant bacteria that some cells use in a response to harsh environments.
Peptidoglycan
Thick layer of protein-carbohydrate substance in the cell wall.
