Ch. 1- Introduction to Microbiology

Question 1

Bacteria

Answer 1

Prokaryotic: Unicellular. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic

Question 2

Archaea

Answer 2

Prokaryotic: Unicellular: Non-pathogenic. Live in extreme environments.

Question 3

Protists

Answer 3

Eukaryotic: Unicellular: Pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Unicellular example, amoebae. Multicellular example, algae.

Question 4

Fungi

Answer 4

Eukaryotic: Unicellular and multicellular. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic. Unicellular example, yeast. Multicellular example, mushrooms.

Question 5

Helminths

Answer 5

Eukaryotic: Multicellular. Parasitic round worms and flatworms.

Question 6

Viruses

Answer 6

Not cells, non-living. Infect animals, plants, or bacterial cells. Can have a DNA or RNA genome.

Question 7

Prions

Answer 7

Non-cells, non-living- infectious proteins. Not discovered till the 1980s. Transmitted by transplant or ingestion. Some prion diseases are inherent.

Question 8

State the Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 8

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.

Question 9

Pathogens

Answer 9

Microbes that always cause disease.

Question 10

When was the golden age of microbiology?

Answer 10

1850-1920

Question 11

Spontanious Generation

Answer 11

The idea that life comes from non-living items.

Question 12

Biogenesis

Answer 12

The idea that life emerges from existing life.

Question 13

Germ Theory

Answer 13

States that microbes cause infectious diseases

Question 14

Koch’s Postulates of Disease

Answer 14

Four principles for determining the causative agents of an infectious disease.

1) The organism must be present in every case of the disease.
2) The organism must be isolated from the disease host and grown as a pure culture.
3) The organism should cause the disease in question when it is introduced (inoculated) into a susceptible host.
4) The organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal.

Question 15

Asceptic techniches include

Answer 15

Washing hands, wearing gloves, sterilizing instruments, and decontaminating surfaces.

Question 16

Scientific Method

Answer 16

1) Starts with a questions.
2) Then a hypothesis is proposed based on prior experience or observation is given as a potential answer to the questions.
3) Collection and analysis of observations which are used to form a conclusion that states whether the data supports or contradicts that hypothesis.

Question 17

Laws

Answer 17

They predict what happens.

Question 18

Theory

Answer 18

Explain how and why something occurs. Unlike a hypothesis, which focuses on a specific problem, theories are comprehensive bodies of work that are useful for making generalized predictions about natural phenomena. Theories unite many different hypotheses and laws.

Question 19

Opportunistic Pathogens

Answer 19

Only cause disease in susceptible hosts.

Question 20

What are the two types of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 20

Bacteria and archaea

Question 21

What are the four types of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 21

Animals, plants, fungi, and protist.

Question 22

Taxonomy

Answer 22

The study of how organisms can be grouped by shared features.

Question 23

What characteristics does taxonomy use to group organisms?

Answer 23

Physical, biochemical features, ecology, and gene sequence.

Question 24

Who is Carl Linnaeus. What did he do?

Answer 24

Father of Taxonomy.
Established system for classifying organisms.
Developed the binomial nomenclature system (two name system)- this includes genus and species designations.
The first name recognized genus and is capitalized. The second gene designates species.

Question 25

Name the individual rankings within the taxanomic hiarchy in order.

Answer 25

Pneumonic- Delightful king Phillip came over for great spaghetti.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 26

What are the three recognized domains?

Answer 26

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

Question 27

What do domain bacteria and archaea include?

Answer 27

Unicelluar prokaryotic organisms

Question 28

What does domain eukarya include?

Answer 28

Encompasses unicellular and multicellular organisms made of eukaryotic cells.

Question 29

What are the six kingdoms?

Answer 29

Animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria

Question 30

Symbiotic relationshipo

Answer 30

When two organisms are closely connected

Question 31

Parasitic

Answer 31

When the symbiotic relationship hurts the host

Question 32

Mutualism

Answer 32

When the symbiotic relationship helps the host

Question 33

Commensalism

Answer 33

When the symbiotic relationship has no negative effect on the host.

Question 34

Biofilm

Answer 34

Sticky communities made up of single or diverse microbial species.- This allows them to coordinate responses within an environment.

Question 35

Planktonin

Answer 35

Free floating bacteria

Question 36

Capsule

Answer 36

A sticky carbohydrate based structure that some bacteria use as a form of protection and sometimes is used to adhere to structures.

Question 37

Endospores

Answer 37

Specialized dormant bacteria that some cells use in a response to harsh environments.

Question 38

Peptidoglycan

Answer 38

Thick layer of protein-carbohydrate substance in the cell wall.