Micro 3- principles of disease

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

study of disease

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

the cause of a disease

Question 3

pathogenesis

Answer 3

the development of disease

Question 4

opportunistic pathogen

Answer 4

organisms that cause disease under specific circumstances

Question 5

normal microbiota

Answer 5

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

Question 6

transcient microbiota

Answer 6

may be present for days, weeks, or months and then disappear

Question 7

microbiota:

-symbiosis

Answer 7

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Question 8

microbiota:

-commensalism

Answer 8

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

ex: staphylococcus epidermis (skin), corynebacteria (eye)

Question 9

microbiota:

-mutualism

Answer 9

both organisms benefit

E coli synthesize vitamin K and some B vitamins

Question 10

microbiota:

-parasitism

Answer 10

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

Question 11

microbiotal antagonism (competitive exclusion)

Answer 11

is a competition between microbes

Question 12

how do normal microbiota protect the host by

Answer 12

• competing for nutrients
• producing substances harmful to invading microbes (bacteriocins)
• affecting pH and available oxygen

Question 13

bacteriocins

Answer 13

proteins that inhibit the growth of other bacteria

Question 14

what does it mean that some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens

Answer 14

they don’t cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person

Question 15

examples of how opportunistic pathogens can work

Answer 15

• unhealthy or compromised host

- infection outside its normal habitat

Question 16

what are koch’s postulates used to prove

Answer 16

used to prove the cause of an infectious disease

Question 17

4 Koch’s postulates

Answer 17

1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2. the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when its inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

Question 18

exceptions to koch’s postulates

Answer 18

• some pathogens can cause several disease conditions (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
• some pathogens cause disease only in humans (HIV)
• some microbes have never been cultured (syphilis, leprosy)

Question 19

symptoms are

Answer 19

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of a disease
ex: pain, malaise

Question 20

signs are

Answer 20

changes in body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease
ex: fever, purulent discharge

Question 21

syndrome

Answer 21

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 22

communicable disease

Answer 22

a disease that is spread from one host to another

ex: chickenpox, measles, influenza, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis

Question 23

contagious disease

Answer 23

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another
ex: chickenpox, measles

Question 24

noncommunicable disease

Answer 24

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

ex: tetanus

Question 25

incidence of a disease

Answer 25

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period -indicates spread of a disease

Question 26

prevalence of a disease

Answer 26

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared -indicates spread of a disease (takes into account old and new cases)

Question 27

acute disease

Answer 27

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

Question 28

chronic disease

Answer 28

symptoms develop slowly | ex: tuberculosis, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis B

Question 29

latent disease

Answer 29

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

Question 30

sporadic disease

Answer 30

disease that occurs only occasionally | ex: typhoid fever in US

Question 31

endemic disease

Answer 31

disease constantly present in a population | ex: common cold

Question 32

epidemic disease

Answer 32

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time ex: influenza or AIDS

Question 33

pandemic disease

Answer 33

worldwide epidemic | ex: influenza and AIDS

Question 34

local infection

Answer 34

pathogens are limited to small areas of the body | ex: boils and abscesses

Question 35

systemic (generalized) infection

Answer 35

infection throughout body | ex: measles

Question 36

focal infection

Answer 36

systemic infection that began as local infection, confined to specific area ex: infections in teeth, tonsils or sinuses

Question 37

sepsis

Answer 37

toxic inflammatory condition raisins from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

Question 38

septicemia

Answer 38

also known as blood poising, growth of pathogens in the blood (an example of sepsis)

Question 39

bacteremia

Answer 39

bacteria in the blood

Question 40

toxemic

Answer 40

toxins in the blood

Question 41

viremia

Answer 41

viruses in the blood

Question 42

primary infection

Answer 42

acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 43

secondary infection

Answer 43

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

Question 44

subclinical disease

Answer 44

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

Question 45

what types of reservoirs of infection can you have

Answer 45

- human reservoirs - animal reservoirs - nonliving reservoirs

Question 46

human reservoirs

Answer 46

carries may have inapparent infections or latent diseases | ex: AIDS, typhoid fever

Question 47

animal reservoirs

Answer 47

zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans | ex: rabies, lyme disease, malaria)

Question 48

nonliving reservoirs

Answer 48

1. soil (clostridium botulinum - botulism, clostridium tetani - tetanus) 2. water (virbir cholera - cholera, cryptosporidium - diarrhea, salmonella typhi - typhoid fever)

Question 49

direct contact transmission

Answer 49

requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host ex: staphylococcal infections and STDs

Question 50

indirect contact transmission

Answer 50

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a famine | ex: contaminated syringes in AIDS and hepatitis B

Question 51

droplet transmission

Answer 51

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter | ex: influenza, pneumonia ana pertussis

Question 52

vectors

Answer 52

arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitos | -transmit disease by two general methods: mechanical, biological

Question 53

mechanical transmission of vectors

Answer 53

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet, passive transport

Question 54

biological transmission of vectors

Answer 54

pathogen reproduces in the vector, transmitted via bites or feces, active transport

Question 55

vehicle transmission

Answer 55

transmission of a disease agent by a medium (inanimate reservoir) - waterborne (cholera) - foodborne (food poisoning, tapeworm) - airborne (tuberculosis)

Question 56

recipe for nosocomial infections/ HAIs

Answer 56

- microorganisms in the hospital environment - weakened status of the host - chain of transmission in a hospital