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ABS > Micro 3- principles of disease > Flashcards

Micro 3- principles of disease Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

study of disease

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2
Q

etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of disease

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4
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

organisms that cause disease under specific circumstances

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5
Q

normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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6
Q

transcient microbiota

A

may be present for days, weeks, or months and then disappear

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7
Q

microbiota:

-symbiosis

A

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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8
Q

microbiota:

-commensalism

A

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

ex: staphylococcus epidermis (skin), corynebacteria (eye)

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9
Q

microbiota:

-mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

E coli synthesize vitamin K and some B vitamins

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10
Q

microbiota:

-parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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11
Q

microbiotal antagonism (competitive exclusion)

A

is a competition between microbes

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12
Q

how do normal microbiota protect the host by

A
  • competing for nutrients
  • producing substances harmful to invading microbes (bacteriocins)
  • affecting pH and available oxygen
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13
Q

bacteriocins

A

proteins that inhibit the growth of other bacteria

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14
Q

what does it mean that some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens

A

they don’t cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person

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15
Q

examples of how opportunistic pathogens can work

A
  • unhealthy or compromised host

- infection outside its normal habitat

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16
Q

what are koch’s postulates used to prove

A

used to prove the cause of an infectious disease

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17
Q

4 Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when its inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
  4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
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18
Q

exceptions to koch’s postulates

A
  • some pathogens can cause several disease conditions (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
  • some pathogens cause disease only in humans (HIV)
  • some microbes have never been cultured (syphilis, leprosy)
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19
Q

symptoms are

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of a disease
ex: pain, malaise

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20
Q

signs are

A

changes in body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease
ex: fever, purulent discharge

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21
Q

syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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22
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

ex: chickenpox, measles, influenza, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis

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23
Q

contagious disease

A

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another
ex: chickenpox, measles

24
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

ex: tetanus

25
Q

incidence of a disease

A

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
-indicates spread of a disease

26
Q

prevalence of a disease

A

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared
-indicates spread of a disease (takes into account old and new cases)

27
Q

acute disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

28
Q

chronic disease

A

symptoms develop slowly

ex: tuberculosis, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis B

29
Q

latent disease

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

30
Q

sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs only occasionally

ex: typhoid fever in US

31
Q

endemic disease

A

disease constantly present in a population

ex: common cold

32
Q

epidemic disease

A

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
ex: influenza or AIDS

33
Q

pandemic disease

A

worldwide epidemic

ex: influenza and AIDS

34
Q

local infection

A

pathogens are limited to small areas of the body

ex: boils and abscesses

35
Q

systemic (generalized) infection

A

infection throughout body

ex: measles

36
Q

focal infection

A

systemic infection that began as local infection, confined to specific area
ex: infections in teeth, tonsils or sinuses

37
Q

sepsis

A

toxic inflammatory condition raisins from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

38
Q

septicemia

A

also known as blood poising, growth of pathogens in the blood (an example of sepsis)

39
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

40
Q

toxemic

A

toxins in the blood

41
Q

viremia

A

viruses in the blood

42
Q

primary infection

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

43
Q

secondary infection

A

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

44
Q

subclinical disease

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

45
Q

what types of reservoirs of infection can you have

A
  • human reservoirs
  • animal reservoirs
  • nonliving reservoirs
46
Q

human reservoirs

A

carries may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

ex: AIDS, typhoid fever

47
Q

animal reservoirs

A

zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

ex: rabies, lyme disease, malaria)

48
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A
  1. soil (clostridium botulinum - botulism, clostridium tetani - tetanus)
  2. water (virbir cholera - cholera, cryptosporidium - diarrhea, salmonella typhi - typhoid fever)
49
Q

direct contact transmission

A

requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host
ex: staphylococcal infections and STDs

50
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a famine

ex: contaminated syringes in AIDS and hepatitis B

51
Q

droplet transmission

A

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

ex: influenza, pneumonia ana pertussis

52
Q

vectors

A

arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitos

-transmit disease by two general methods: mechanical, biological

53
Q

mechanical transmission of vectors

A

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet, passive transport

54
Q

biological transmission of vectors

A

pathogen reproduces in the vector, transmitted via bites or feces, active transport

55
Q

vehicle transmission

A

transmission of a disease agent by a medium (inanimate reservoir)

  • waterborne (cholera)
  • foodborne (food poisoning, tapeworm)
  • airborne (tuberculosis)
56
Q

recipe for nosocomial infections/ HAIs

A
  • microorganisms in the hospital environment
  • weakened status of the host
  • chain of transmission in a hospital

ABS (31 decks)

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