Micro 2- Diagnostic Micro Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

self-replicating circular pieces of DNA

-often code for proteins that enhance the pathogenicity of a bacterium

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2
Q

conjugative plasmid

A

carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid

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3
Q

dissimilation plasmids

A

encode enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds

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4
Q

resistance factors (R factors)

A

encode antibiotic resistance

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5
Q

what are transposons?

A

segments of DNA that can move one region of DNA to another

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6
Q

transposons contain

A

insertion sequences (IS) that code for transposes that cuts and reseals DNA

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7
Q

what is special about complex transposons

A

they carry other genes (e.g. in antibiotic resistance)

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8
Q

what are morphological characteristics?

A

useful for identifying eukaryotes, tell little about phylogenic relationships

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9
Q

what is differential staining used for?

A

gram staining, acid-fast staining, not useful for bacteria without cell walls

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10
Q

what can biochemical tests identify about microorganisms?

A

determine presence of bacterial enzymes

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11
Q

a fermentation test shows

A

bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or potion produce acid, causing the pH indicator to change color

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12
Q

oxidase tests for

A

identifies bacteria that have cytochrome oxidase (e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas)

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13
Q

what are rapid identification methods?

A

perform several biochemical tests simultaneously

-results of each test are assigned a number

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14
Q

what is serology

A

the science that studies serum and immune responses in serum

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15
Q

what does “microorganisms are antigenic” mean?

A

they stimulate the body to form antibodies

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16
Q

antiserum-

A

a solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacterium

17
Q

what occurs in a slide agglutination test

A

bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antiserum-containing antibodies produced in response to that species/strain

18
Q

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well
-a reaction identifies the bacteria

19
Q

western blotting

A

identifies antibodies in a patient’s serum, confirms HIV infection

20
Q

what is phage typing?

A

test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to

21
Q

procedure of phage typing

A
  • stain in question is grown over entire plate
  • a drop of different phage type is placed on bacteria
  • clearning called plaques appear where phages infect and lyse bacterial cells
22
Q

example of how phage typing can be used- specific genus/family

A

used to distinguish S. enterica serotypes and S. aureus types

23
Q

nucleic acid analysis via DNA base composition tests for

A
  • percentage of guanine + cytosine

- two organisms that are closely related have similar amounts of various bases

24
Q

nucleic acid analysis via DNA fingerprint tests for

A
  • electrophoresis of restriction enzymes digests an organism’s DNA
  • comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences
25
how do nucleic acid amplification tests work
use of PCR to amplify DNA of an unknown microorganism that cannot be cultured
26
how does nucleic acid hybridization work
measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism (greater degree of hybridization, greater degree of relatedness)
27
southern blotting uses
uses nucleic acid hybridization to identify unknown microorganisms using DNA probes
28
what does a DNA chip (microarray) contain, and what is its function
contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between the probe and DNA in the sample
29
two types of DNA chip (microarray)
- ribotyping | - fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
30
ribotyping
``` rRNA sequencing (type of DNA chip-microarray) ```
31
fluroescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
fluroescent DNA or RNA probes stain the microorganisms being targeted