Micro 2- microbial genetics Flashcards

1
Q

the genetic code is

A

a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein

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2
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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3
Q

DNA expression

A

genetic information is used within a cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function

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4
Q

DNA recombination

A

genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells

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6
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup on an organism

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7
Q

phenotype

A

expression of the genes

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8
Q

STRs- short tandem repeats

A

repeated sequences of noncoding DNA

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9
Q

DNA backbone makeup and formation

A
  • forms a double helix
  • “backbone” consists of deoxyribosephosphate
  • two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G
  • strands are antiparallel
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10
Q

in DNA replication, what is the significance of the order of nitrogen containing bases

A

it forms the genetic instructions of the organism

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11
Q

DNA replication:

topoisomerase and gyrase

A

relax the strands

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12
Q

DNA replication:

helicase

A

separates the strands

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13
Q

DNA replication:

DNA polymerase

A

adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

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14
Q

most bacterial DNA replication is

A

bidirectional

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15
Q

why is replication highly accurate

A

due to the proofreading capability of DNA polymerase

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16
Q

ribonucleic acid (differences)

A
  • single stranded nucleotide
  • 5 carbon ribose sugar
  • contains uracil (U) and thymine (T)
17
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

integral part of ribosomes

18
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transports amino acids during protein synthesis

19
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes

20
Q

in prokaryotes, when does transcription begin

A

when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence on DNA

21
Q

what is a codon

A

they are groups of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid

22
Q

how many codons and how many amino acids

A

61 sense codons, 3 stop, 1 start

20 amino acids

23
Q

in translation what do the tRNA molecules do

A

they transport the required amino acids to the ribosome

24
Q

tRNA molecules also have an

A

anticodon that base-pairs with the codon

25
why is translation different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes
in prokaryotes - translation can begin before transcription is complete - mRNA is produced in cytoplasm - no mRNA editing necessary (no introns)
26
why is translation different in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes
in eukaryotes - transcription occurs in the nucleus, whereas translation occurs in the cytoplasm - mRNA must be completely synthesized and moved through nuclear membrane - mRNA undergoes processing in nucleus before transport to cytoplasm (eons, introns)
27
exons vs. introns
extrons- regions of DNA that code for proteins | introns- regions of DNA that do not code for proteins
28
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)
remove introns and splice extrons together
29
3 types of genetic exchange in bacteria
- transformation - conjugation - transduction
30
transformation | genetic exchange in bacteria
genes transferred from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA
31
what is the process for transformation
- recipient cell takes up donor DNA (dead)- but must be a competent cell that can take up this donor DNA - donor DNA aligns with complementary bases - recombination occurs between donor DNA and recipient DNA
32
conjugation | genetic exchange in bacteria
plasmids transferred from one bacterium to another
33
how does conjugation work?
- requires cell to cell contact via pili | - donors carrying plasmid (F+ cells) transfer a replicate to recipients (F- cells)
34
what is Hfr and how does it occur?
high frequency of recombination | -F factor (plasmid) integrates into F+ cell chromosome
35
why is conjugation important?
important mechanism for transfer of R-factors (plasmids with antibiotic resistance)
36
transduction | genetic exchange in bacteria
DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a bacteriophage both generalized and specialized
37
generalized vs. specialized transduction
generalized- random bacterial DNA is packaged inside a phage specialized- specific bacterial genes are packaged inside a phage