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ABS > Micro 2- microbial genetics > Flashcards

Micro 2- microbial genetics Flashcards

1
Q

the genetic code is

A

a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein

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2
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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3
Q

DNA expression

A

genetic information is used within a cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function

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4
Q

DNA recombination

A

genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells

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6
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup on an organism

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7
Q

phenotype

A

expression of the genes

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8
Q

STRs- short tandem repeats

A

repeated sequences of noncoding DNA

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9
Q

DNA backbone makeup and formation

A
  • forms a double helix
  • “backbone” consists of deoxyribosephosphate
  • two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G
  • strands are antiparallel
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10
Q

in DNA replication, what is the significance of the order of nitrogen containing bases

A

it forms the genetic instructions of the organism

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11
Q

DNA replication:

topoisomerase and gyrase

A

relax the strands

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12
Q

DNA replication:

helicase

A

separates the strands

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13
Q

DNA replication:

DNA polymerase

A

adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

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14
Q

most bacterial DNA replication is

A

bidirectional

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15
Q

why is replication highly accurate

A

due to the proofreading capability of DNA polymerase

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16
Q

ribonucleic acid (differences)

A
  • single stranded nucleotide
  • 5 carbon ribose sugar
  • contains uracil (U) and thymine (T)
17
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

integral part of ribosomes

18
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transports amino acids during protein synthesis

19
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes

20
Q

in prokaryotes, when does transcription begin

A

when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence on DNA

21
Q

what is a codon

A

they are groups of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid

22
Q

how many codons and how many amino acids

A

61 sense codons, 3 stop, 1 start

20 amino acids

23
Q

in translation what do the tRNA molecules do

A

they transport the required amino acids to the ribosome

24
Q

tRNA molecules also have an

A

anticodon that base-pairs with the codon

25
Q

why is translation different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes

A

in prokaryotes

  • translation can begin before transcription is complete
  • mRNA is produced in cytoplasm
  • no mRNA editing necessary (no introns)
26
Q

why is translation different in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes

A

in eukaryotes

  • transcription occurs in the nucleus, whereas translation occurs in the cytoplasm
  • mRNA must be completely synthesized and moved through nuclear membrane
  • mRNA undergoes processing in nucleus before transport to cytoplasm (eons, introns)
27
Q

exons vs. introns

A

extrons- regions of DNA that code for proteins

introns- regions of DNA that do not code for proteins

28
Q

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

A

remove introns and splice extrons together

29
Q

3 types of genetic exchange in bacteria

A
  • transformation
  • conjugation
  • transduction
30
Q

transformation

genetic exchange in bacteria

A

genes transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA

31
Q

what is the process for transformation

A
  • recipient cell takes up donor DNA (dead)- but must be a competent cell that can take up this donor DNA
  • donor DNA aligns with complementary bases
  • recombination occurs between donor DNA and recipient DNA
32
Q

conjugation

genetic exchange in bacteria

A

plasmids transferred from one bacterium to another

33
Q

how does conjugation work?

A
  • requires cell to cell contact via pili

- donors carrying plasmid (F+ cells) transfer a replicate to recipients (F- cells)

34
Q

what is Hfr and how does it occur?

A

high frequency of recombination

-F factor (plasmid) integrates into F+ cell chromosome

35
Q

why is conjugation important?

A

important mechanism for transfer of R-factors (plasmids with antibiotic resistance)

36
Q

transduction

genetic exchange in bacteria

A

DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a bacteriophage
both generalized and specialized

37
Q

generalized vs. specialized transduction

A

generalized- random bacterial DNA is packaged inside a phage
specialized- specific bacterial genes are packaged inside a phage

ABS (31 decks)

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