Genetics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

protein synthesis is

A

the process where information encoded in the genome is translated into specific cellular function in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

genetic code=

A

sequence of adjacent bases ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids in the encoded poly peptide

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3
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA supports structural unit of the ribosomes

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4
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA is the link between code contained in base sequence of each mRNA and the AA sequence of the protein encoded

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5
Q

non transcribed strand=

A

coding or sense strand

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6
Q

transcribed strand=

A

non-coding or antisense strand

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7
Q

additions to primary DNA modification

A

addition of a chemical “cap” structure to the 5’ end

-addition of polyA tail to 3’ end

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8
Q

cleavage of ____ end in modification

A

cleavage of 3’ end at specific point downstream from the coding information

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9
Q

polyA

A

location specified by sequence AAUAAA found in 3’ untranslated portion of RNA transcript
provides stability to mRNA

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10
Q

prior to translation, how is RNA processed and spliced

A

-introns are removed
-exons are spliced together
(mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm)

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11
Q

in translation, what does tRNA do

A

it brings the correct amino acid sequence into position

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12
Q

what are ribosomes

A

are macromolecular complexes made up of rRNA and are the sites of protein synthesis

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13
Q

initiator codon

A

AUG- methionine- establishes the reading frame for all subsequent codons

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14
Q

3 stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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15
Q

post translational processing of polypeptide chain

A

-fold, bind, form 3D structure, combine (2 or more polypeptide chains) to form protein complex

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16
Q

what are transcription factors?

A

are specific proteins that regulate transcription

17
Q

promoter sequence does

A

interacts with transcription factors

18
Q

2 promoters found in tissue specific genes

A

TATA box

CAT

19
Q

TATA box

A

conserved region rich in adenines and thymines

-appears to be important for determining the position of the start of transcription

20
Q

CAT

A

conserved region

-involved in normal gene expression

21
Q

what is the role of promoters

A
  • play a role in gene regulation

- can be site of mutation that can interfere with its normal expression and function

22
Q

house keeping genes (CG) are expressed where and contain what?

A
  • expressed in most or all tissues that lack the CAT and TATA promoter boxes
  • contain high proportion of cytosines and guanines
23
Q

what do CG (house keeping genes) rich sequence elements serve as

A

serve as binding sites for specific transcription factors

24
Q

what are house keeping genes associated with

A

repression of gene transcription

cancer, genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation

25
what do enhancers do?
stimulate transcription - establishing tissue specificity - level of expression on many genes
26
what is RNA splicing
splicing reactions guided by specific sequences in the primary RNA transcript at both 5' and 3' GT at 5' AG at 3'
27
how common are alternative transcripts
2 to 3 alternative transcripts per gene in the human genome
28
what does alternative splicing lead to
the synthesis of multiple related but different mRNAs, each of which can be subsequently translated to generate different protein products