Micro 1- metabolic reactions

Question 1

metabolic pathways are

Answer 1

sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

Question 2

oxidation

Answer 2

removal of electrons

Question 3

reduction

Answer 3

gain of electrons

Question 4

redox reactions

Answer 4

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

Question 5

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 5

electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

Question 6

catabolism

Answer 6

releases energy by oxidation of molecules

break down

Question 7

anabolism

Answer 7

uses energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell
(building)

Question 8

carbohydrate catabolism is

Answer 8

the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy

• glycolysis
• krebs cycle
• electron transport chain (system)

Question 9

where does glycolysis occur and how many steps is it total

Answer 9

it occurs in the cytoplasm

-10 steps total

Question 10

net gain in glycolysis

Answer 10

glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose sugar

-net gain of 2 ATP for 1 glucose oxidized

Question 11

additional pathways to glycolysis

Answer 11

• pentose phosphate pathway

- entner-doudoroff pathway

Question 12

pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 12

• uses pentoses and produces NADPH

- operates simultaneously with glycolysis

Question 13

entner-doudoroff pathway

Answer 13

• produces NADPH and ATP
• does NOT involve glycolysis
• occurs in pseudomonas, rhizobium, and agrobacterium

Question 14

Krebs cycle

Answer 14

• pyruvic acid from glycolysis is oxidized and decarboxylation (loss of CO2) occurs
• resulting 2 carbon compound attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl coA and NADH
• oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP, and liberates CO2 as waste

Question 15

in Krebs cycle, 1 molecule of pyruvic acid results in

Answer 15

3 NADH
1 ATP
1FADH2
releases CO2

Question 16

where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 16

mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes

Question 17

cellular respiration

Answer 17

oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain
-final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic (oxygen)

Question 18

how is the ATP generated in cellular respiration

Answer 18

by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

where does the electron transport chain system occur

Answer 19

• in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

- in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes

Question 20

the electron transport chain is

Answer 20

a series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
-energy released is used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis

Question 21

what is chemiosmosis

Answer 21

electrons (from NADH) pass down the electron transport chain while protons are pumped across the membrane

• establishes proton gradient (proton motive force)
• protons in higher concentration on one side of the membrane diffuse through ATP synthase
• release energy to synthesize ATP

Question 22

what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Answer 22

molecular oxygen (O2)

Question 23

fermentation releases energy from

Answer 23

the oxidation of organic molecules

Question 24

what is different about fermentation

Answer 24

• does not require oxygen
• does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC
• uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
• only produces a small amount of ATP

Question 25

lactic acid fermentation produces:

what 2 types

Answer 25

lactic acid

• homolactic- lactic acid only
• heterolactic- lactic acid and other compounds

Question 26

what is glucose oxidized to

Answer 26

pyretic acid, which is then reduced by NADH

Question 27

alcohol fermentation

Answer 27

produces ethanol and CO2

• glucose is oxidized to pyretic acid, pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and Co2
• NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol