Immuno 3

Question 1

more specific definition of lymphocytes

Answer 1

substance (foreign to body) that provokes a specific response by the lymphocytes

Question 2

what is tolerance and what will happen if your body loses this tolerance?

Answer 2

tolerance is that your immune system know its own antigens (if immune system loses tolerance, then you get autoimmune diseases)

Question 3

what are surface radicals? what is another name for this

Answer 3

epitope

-on a cell that is antigenic, usually a small patch of amino acids

Question 4

3 classifications of antigens of human origin

Answer 4

• autoantigens
• homologous antigens
• organ specific antigens

Question 5

what are auto antigens?

Answer 5

your own antigens, if you lose tolerance to auto antigens, it will cause an autoimmune disorder

Question 6

what are homologous antigens?

Answer 6

just a little bit genetically different from your neighbor of the same species (example is ABO blood type)

Question 7

example of homologous antigens

Answer 7

-transplant rejection possibility because immune system thinks it is foreign- have to take immunosuppressants the rest of life

Question 8

what are organ specific antigens?

Answer 8

your immune system does not know about these antigens (because they have been isolated from the immune system)

Question 9

example of organ specific antigens

Answer 9

lens in the human eye

Question 10

problem from organ specific antigens in cataract surgery of the lens of the eye

Answer 10

lens liquifies and if some of that spills out during surgery, it can get into circulatory system and cause

• phacolytic glaucome
• phacolyitc uveitis (inflammation)

Question 11

what is required for antigen presentation to T cells

Answer 11

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

-2 special proteins I and II

Question 12

MHC class I vs. MHC class II biochemical difference

Answer 12

• MHC Class I has 1 heavy chain

- MHC Class II has 2 heavy chains

Question 13

how is MHC Class I used?

Answer 13

• a billboard for killer T cells
• when virus is inside cell
• results in killer T cell destroying that cell

Question 14

what kinds of cells can present MHC Class I and II?

Answer 14

MHC I- most cells have the ability to do this

MHC II-only certain antigen presenting cells (APCs) can do this

Question 15

how is MHC Class II used?

Answer 15

antigen is displayed on surface for information to the helper T cells
-which secrete various substances and get immune response going

Question 16

list of consequences of antibody antigen reactions

Answer 16

1. activation of B and T cells
2. activation of complement
3. phagocytosis

Question 17

first step in Ab-Ag coupling activation of B and T cells

Answer 17

coupling of Ag-Ab= cognate, antibody finds its cognate antigen, and cognate antigen displayed by infected cell

Question 18

second “fail safe” from Ab-Ag rxn activation of B and T cells

Answer 18

“fail safe” is a protein on the helper T cell on APC which locks up- keeps immune system kicking off/on immune response
-the “2nd key” required

Question 19

what is complement?

Answer 19

a system of 20 different proteins in the blood stream which can be activated

Question 20

what occurs when complement is activated?

Answer 20

there is a chain reaction and there is substance which can be very destructive to human cells and pathogen (lysis, cytotoxic)

Question 21

how many ways can these 20 complements be activated/combined and what is the most common way?

Answer 21

3 different ways

-usually hear about the classical route of activation and coupling together of these components

Question 22

when complement is activated, where does it attach

Answer 22

attached to antigen

“fixed to antigenic cell”

Question 23

end result of complement and what occurs:

Answer 23

membrane- attack complex

“drill a hole” right through the cell wall, fluid rushes in and cell bursts

Question 24

what is a phagocytic cell

Answer 24

type of cell that will ingest other cells, resulting in engulfment

Question 25

2 types of phagocytic cells

Answer 25

microphages and macrophages

Question 26

microphages come from

Answer 26

neutrophils (modified neutrophils)

Question 27

microphage vs. macrophage lifespan

Answer 27

microphage=short lived

macrophage= long lived

Question 28

microphages contain

Answer 28

suicide bags (which are seen as granules) which contain materials that will destroy whatever they will ingest

Question 29

microphages are major defense against

Answer 29

pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus and streptococcus)

Question 30

macrophages are derived from

Answer 30

monocytes (much larger WBC)

Question 31

mature macrophages settle tissues of what organs

Answer 31

in certain tissues (serve sentinel function) and live for months or years
-liver, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and lungs

Question 32

3 things both macrophages and microphages exhibit

Answer 32

• diapedesis
• amoeboid motion
• chemotaxis

Question 33

macro/microphages diapedesis is

Answer 33

can leave blood vascular system

Question 34

micro/macrophages amoeboid motion is

Answer 34

they can move very slowly (about 40 microns/min)

Question 35

micro/macrophages chemotaxis

Answer 35

when a cell is infected or damaged, inflamed, or infected cells and it attracts phagocytic cells

Question 36

what things can make adherence more likely?

Answer 36

• Ab on surface of invading organism

- antibody+complement makes adherence even more likely

Question 37

opsonization

Answer 37

“to make ready for eating”

-antibodies and complement make adherence better