Memory- Types Of Long Term Memory 2/6

Question 1

Explicit memory

Answer 1

consciously recalled (explicit) and can be put into words (declarative)

Question 2

How many types of long term memory are there?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

What are the 3 types of LTM?

Answer 3

Semantic
Episodic
Procedural

Question 4

Which types of memory are explicit/ declarative memories?

Answer 4

Semantic

Episodic

Question 5

Which types of memory are implicit/ non-declarative memories?

Answer 5

Procedural

Question 6

Semantic

Answer 6

facts, meanings, concepts and knowledge about the world.

e.g- bike has 2 wheels

Question 7

Episodic

Answer 7

memory of experiences ands specific events

e.g- the last time i rode a bike …

Question 8

Procedural

Answer 8

unconscious memory of skills also known as muscle memory

e.g- skill of riding a bike

Question 9

Declarative or non-declarative ?
S
E
P

Answer 9

S- Declarative
E- Declarative
P- Non-Declarative

Question 10

Time stamped or not time stamped
S
E
P

Answer 10

S- Time stamped
E-NOT Time stamped = may not recall when learnt/ecoded
P- NOT Time stamped = often learnt in childhood

Question 11

Recalled consciously or unconsciously ?
S
E
P

Answer 11

S- Consciously= explicit
E-Consciously= explicit
P-Unconsciously= implicit

Question 12

Autobiographical or not autobiographical ?
S
E
P

Answer 12

S- Autobiographical= i am part of my episodic memories
E- NOT autobiographical= not part of semantic memories
P- NOT autobiographical= not part of procedural memories

Question 13

Easy to forget or resistant to forgetting

Answer 13

S- easiest memories to forget
E- resistant to forgetting
P -very resistant to forgetting

Question 14

What influences memory strength

Answer 14

S- level of emotion felt
E- how deeply processed
P- how many times practised

Question 15

Associated brain areas of each memory
S
E
P

Answer 15

S- first coding in the prefrontal cortex, stored across the brain connected by hippocampus
E- parahippocampal cortex
P- motor cortex

Question 16

EVALUATION
Vargas-Khaden et al (1997)

Answer 16

investigated three young patients who had damage to their hippocampus but avoided significant damage to the nearby
parahippocampal cortices. It was found all three had very significant episodic amnesia, however all are able to attend school, speak and can learn and recall factual (semantic) information at an ability level just below average for their age.
This suggests that semantic memory is less dependant on the hippocampus than episodic memory and so is biological evidence that semantic and episodic
memories are distinct processes using different brain regions.

Question 17

EVALUATION
Various researchers (1985-present)

Answer 17

Clive Wearing has retrograde amnesia so cannot remember his musical education (episodic) however he remembers facts about his life (semantic). He can also play the piano (procedural). He is also unable to encode new episodic or semantic memories due to also having anterograde amnesia, but under experimental conditions he is able to gain new procedural memories via repetition This suggests semantic, episodic and procedural memory exist as separate processes, as Clive lacks episodic completely, can recall but not encode semantic memories, and his procedural memory is functional. This is likely related to the damaged area of Clive’s brain.

Question 18

Evaluation
Generalising

Answer 18

The use of ideographic research such as Clive Wearing allows researchers to study memory in a way that would be impossible experimentally. However there are problems generalising the findings of these clinical case studies with one or few individuals, to explaining how memory works in the wider population. There could be other unknown issues unique to that individual that can explain the behaviour.

Question 19

Evaluation
Scientific

Answer 19

The use of modern cognitive neuroscience brain scanning techniques, like those of Tulving, has allowed researchers to study the brain and memory more scientifically. FMRI’s identify which types of memory are associated with particular brain areas. This has allowed ideas gained by ideographic case studies to be studied via nomothetic methods, on larger and healthy samples allowing generalisations to be made.

Question 20

Evaluation
Distinct

Answer 20

However the similarity between types of long term memory suggests they may not be truly distinct. Episodic and semantic memories are both declarative, and episodic become semantic over time. Also there is a link between semantic and procedural, as we are able to produce automatic language, talking fluently using semantic concepts, without having to consciously recall the details of each semantic idea.