Approaches- Origins Of Psychology

Question 1

Science is :

Answer 1

discovering the physical and natural world SYSTEMATICALLY and OBJECTIVELY using EMPIRICAL METHODS such as observation and experimentation

Question 2

Systematic

Answer 2

using a fixed or controlled method

Question 3

Using a systematic approach gives researcher

Answer 3

confidence that they have measured what they planned to measure; their measurements are not jjsat the result of an error in conducting their research

Question 4

Using a systematic approach allows

Answer 4

other scientist to attempt to replicate the findings using the same methods to check that the initial results are not due to chance

Question 5

Objectivity

Answer 5

the absence of bias in research, which can significantly impact a study’s design, outcomes, and conclusions

Question 6

Why is it crucial that research findings are objective ?

Answer 6

to avoid the researcher’s personal opinions, which can result in a confirmation bias where researchers merely attempt to support pre-existing beliefs

Question 7

When research is not objective what may this result in?

Answer 7

confirmation bias

Question 8

confirmation bias

Answer 8

where researchers merely attempt to support pre-existing beliefs

Question 9

In psychology objectivity is especially crucial since psychologists …

Answer 9

study human behaviour, which is subjective and can be interpreted in various ways

additionally, rs.ers may hold strong opinions about topics such as rs, aggression and gender, which can influence their interpretations of data

Question 10

Empiricism :

Answer 10

scientists must test their ideas and base their conclusions on data collected from the world, not just accept theory or logical arguments

Question 11

Empiricism is a…

Answer 11

fundamental aspect of scientific methodology; scientific knowledge comes from formulating, testing and modifying hypotheses

Question 12

In science when can a hypotheses be accepted

Answer 12

after systematic observation and taking careful measurements in well-designed experiments

Question 13

Who was Wundt ?

Answer 13

‘the father of experimental psychology’

Question 14

What did Wundt want?

Answer 14

Wundt wanted to use the controlled empirical scientific research techniques used by the physical sciences to study the mind

Question 15

What did Wundt set up ?

Answer 15

the first psychological laboratory , the institute of experimental psychology, in leipzig germany in the 1870s

Question 16

Who was the first person to call themself a psychologist and created the first books on psych ?

Answer 16

Wundt

Question 17

What helped established psychology as an independent field of scientific research?

Answer 17

Wundt’s use of scientific methods

Question 18

How were psychology professors bron?

Answer 18

Wundt trained students who would go on to be psychology professors

Question 19

What was Wundt’s research called?

Answer 19

Structuralism

Question 20

Structuralism

Answer 20

an attempt to uncover the hidden structure of the mind via describing it in terms o f its simplest definable components

Question 21

Much of Wundt’s work focused on, what?

Answer 21

The structure of sensation and perception

Question 22

What was the experimental methods used in Wundt’s research called?

Answer 22

Introspection

Question 23

First process of introspection

Answer 23

Ps are trained to report conscious experiences as objectively as possible

Question 24

Second process of introspection

Answer 24

Ps would be asked to focus on sensory object, often a ticking metronome

Question 25

Third process of introspection

Answer 25

Ps would systematically report their experience of the object by breaking their thoughts into separate elements; Ps would focus inward and report sensations, feelings and images

Question 26

Process of introspection

Answer 26

1- Ps are trained to report conscious experiences as objectively as possibly

2- Ps would be asked to focus on a sensory object, often a ticking metronome

3- Ps would systematically report their experience of the object by breaking their thoughts into separate elements; Ps would focus inward and report sensations, feelings and images

Question 27

Introspective IS NOT

Answer 27

direct observation of mental processes; Wundt made inferences which means making a guess or an assumption on the structure of internal mental processes based on observed behaviour

Question 28

With enough observations of people all behaving the same way in an experiment…

Answer 28

researchers can make inferences about the processes that may be driving their behaviour

Question 29

Inferences is NOT

Answer 29

direct observation of mental processes; Wundt made inferences, which means making an assumption on the structure of internal mental processes based on observed behaviour

Question 30

Evaluation
CRITICISM- who can you refer to?

Answer 30

wundt’s use of infer to identify internal mental states has been criticised;
inferences are assumptions, so they can be mistaken and inaccurate

Behaviourists psychologists rejected the study of internal mental states

Question 31

Evaluation
Behaviourists psychologists view on Wundt

Answer 31

Behaviourists psychologists rejected the study of internal mental states; seeing the mind as a ‘black box’. they only studied fully observable stimulus-response mechanism because these behaviourist findings were more reliable and behaviorism is een as an approach more in like w/ scientific principles

Question 32

Evaluation
Cognitive psychologists view

Answer 32

SUPPORT
Wundt’s use of inferences influenced Cognitive psychologists; these researchers ask Ps to complete task under experimental conditions, and the Ps’s ability to complete the task is used to make inferences about the structure of internal mental processes like memory, attention and perception

Question 33

Evaluation
SUPPORT

Answer 33

Wundt’s work was highly scientific, primarily because of the controlled experiments,large sample size and transparent methods he used

-this systematic approach allowed him to develop general theories of mental process and enabled other researchers to replicate his findings

his emphasis on scientific methodology was a significant inspiration for subsequent scientific psychologists, including behaviourist

Question 34

Evaluation
FIRST TO ARGUE

Answer 34

Wundt was one of first argue that behaviors are determined, so they have a cause that can be studied objectively

-Historical explanations of mental disorders and criminality often has a religious perspective, using ideas line sin or demonic influences

-following Wundt other RSers used scientifically deterministic arguments leading to effective biological treatments in mental health and forensic psychologist have developed interventions for criminal behaviour

Question 35

Evaluation
+/-

Answer 35

Compared to modern psychological techniques, Wundt’s introspective methods are considered subject and are not classified as truly scientific

Ps cannot be relied on to accurately report their mental states. as self reports may be biased, mistaken , or influenced by demand characteristics, where provide results they think Rser wants

HOWEVER

Introspection remains relevant for studying unobservable mental processes such as emotional states and is also used in various forms of therapy

Question 36

Define introspection

Answer 36

Introspection means “looking into” and refers to the process of observing and examining your own conscious thoughts or emotions.