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VMS 1005 > Mechanics of ventilation > Flashcards

Mechanics of ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation defined as?

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What determines the total volume of air breathed in per minute?

A

volume of each breath x by the number of breaths per minute

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3
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The volume of air entering/leaving in a single breath

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4
Q

In which zone does gas exchange occur?

A

The respiratory zone, e.g the alveoli

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5
Q

What is Physiologic dead space?

A

Alveolar + Anatomic dead space

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6
Q

What makes up tidal volume?

A

A dead space component and an alveolar component

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7
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold

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8
Q

What is the functional residual reserve?

A

volume of air left in the lungs after a normal breath

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9
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after a max expiration

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10
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

max volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a max inspiration

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11
Q

What occurs during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens, external IC muscles pull the ribs cranially upwards (using fibres) this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

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12
Q

What are the two different types of expiration?

A

Forced and Passive Expiration

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13
Q

What is passive expiration?

A

Expiration in animals that does not require muscle contraction

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14
Q

What is Forced Expiration?

A

Active process that pushes more air out of the lungs

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15
Q

What is an example of physiologic dead space being useful?

A

Panting

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16
Q

Why is the difference in pressure mostly governed by the alveolar pressure?

A

Atmospheric pressure stays constant

17
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between intra-alveolar and intra-pleural pressure

18
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure?

A

The pressure outside of the lungs but within the thoracic cavity (within pleural sac)

19
Q

What is the intra-alveolar pressure?

A

Pressure inside of the alveoli

20
Q

What happens to respiratory activity during exercise?

A

respiratory muscle activity increases

21
Q

What is ventilation synched with in running mammals?

A

Ventilation is synchronised with gait in canter and gallop but not walk or trot

22
Q

How does moving of quadrupeds whilst running effect ventilation?

A

Flexion/extension of the spine can increase/ decrease the size of the thoracic cavity

23
Q

What are three factors that will effect ventilation rate?

A

1) Changes in atmospheric pressure
2) Changes in resistance
3) Change in interpleural pressure

24
Q

How does the diameter of the bronchioles effect ventilation rate?

A

Decreased diameter of bronchioles (due to disease) will increase the resistance

25
Q

What is laminar air flow?

A

Straight air flow (think blowing through a straw)

26
Q

What type of air flow increases when the diameter of the bronchioles increase?

A

laminar air flow

27
Q

What opposes the expansion of the alveoli?

A

At an air-water interface, the water molecules are attracted to eachother rather than the air- this creates surface tension
Which opposes the expansion of the alveoli

28
Q

What counterracts the surface tension in the alveoli?

A

Surfactant, which is a detergent-like mixture of lipids, proteins and ions

29
Q

What is the name of the cells that secrete surfactant?

A

Type-II alveolar cells

30
Q

What does high lung compliance mean?

A

High lung compliance means that the lungs will expand easily

31
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

collapsed lung, this trauma causes the pressure inside and outside the lung to equalise

32
Q

What enables ribcage expansion in birds?

A

Hinged ribs

33
Q

What do birds have instead of alveoli?

A

air capillaries that radiate from cylindrical parabronchi

VMS 1005 (33 decks)

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