Intro to respiratory systems Flashcards
How would you describe respiration?
distribution of gases within the alveoli and diffusion of gases into and out of the bloodstream
How would you describe ventilation?
The process of breathing (movement of air into and out of the lungs)
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
External nares, nasal cavity, sinuses and the larynx
What makes up the lower respiratory system?
Trachea, lungs bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
What is the philtrum?
Line that runs down the nose, separating the nostrils/ cranial nares
What is the name of the non-haired most rostral part of the nose?
planum nasale
What forms the floor of the nasal cavities?
Formed by the soft and hard palates hence why it is separated from the mouth
What is the name of the entrance of the nasal cavity?
the vestibule
What is found on the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx?
openings to the auditory tubes
What is the purpose of lining the nasal cavity with a mucousal membrane?
Provides a large surface area for heat and water exchange
What is the name of the mucous membrane that covers the ethmoidal conchae?
the olfactory epithelium
Where does the dorsal meatus lead?
leads to the frontal sinus
Where does the middle meatus lead to?
maxillary sinuses and olfactory mucosa
Where do the ventral and common meatus lead?
principal respiratory passage, hence they are the best meatus for the nasogastric tube
What are paranasal sinuses?
they are air-filled spaces lined with mucosa in the skull that communicate with nasal cavities through narrow openings
What are the two paranasal sinuses that all domestic species have?
Frontal and maxillary
What two paranasal sinuses do farm animals have along with frontal and maxillary?
sphenoidal and palatine
What are the two types of paranasal sinus?
Those that communicate with the middle meatus and those that communicate with the ethymoidal nasal meatus’s
What age do cows have fully developed paranasal sinuses?
Age 7
What are the 3 different pharynx regions?
nasal, laryngo and oro
What innervates the pharynx
The vagus nerve
How does the guttural pouch communicate with the pharynx?
via the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube that is covered in a thin fibrocartilage
What are the laryngeal cartilages?
Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid
Which laryngeal cartilage is paired?
arytenoid
What is the glottis
slit like opening between vocal cords, where an endotracheal tube can enter
Which nerves innervate the laryngeal muscles?
cranial and caudal laryngeal nerves (branches of the vagus nerve)
What is the function of the larynx?
It is a musculocartilaginous organ that guards the entrance to the trachea
What is the epiglottis?
A leaf-shaped cartilage that is covered by a mucous membrane
What is the planum nasale called in species with a large muzzle?
planum nasolabiale
What is the name of the mucousal membrane that covers the ethmoidal conchae
The olfactory epithelium which contains sensory endings of the olfactory nerve
What is a meatus?
A separation of the nasal cavity (in-between turbinates)
What is the clinical importance of paranasal sinuses?
They are narrow and therefore prone to clogging
What part of the nasal cavity does not participate in respiration?
The paranasal sinuses
What is the function of the palatine bone?
It communicates with the maxillary sinus
What is one animal that has a conchofrontal sinus?
Horses
What are the two types of paranasal sinus?
Sinuses that communicate collectively with the middle nasal meatus
And those that communicate with the ethymoidal nasal meatuses in the caudal part of the nasal cavity
Where is the sphenoid sinus found within the dog?
Within the pre-sphenoid bone
Where is the frontal sinus found within the dog?
between the outer and inner tables of the frontal bone- it is the largest and most developed sinus
Which part of the pharynx contains the auditory tube opening?
The nasopharynx
What separates the guttural pouches?
A thin medial septum
What is the pharynx cartilage that prevents collapse of the laryngeal airway?
mainly the cricoid
Where does the cranial laryngeal branch detach?
It detaches at the head/ neck junction
Where does the caudal laryngeal branch detach?
It detaches in the thorax
Where does the cranial laryngeal nerve enter?
enters the larynx by the thyroid foramen but just before gives a branch to cricothyroideus m.
Where does the caudal laryngeal nerve enter?
leaves the vagus in the thorax then ascends through the neck and distributes itself to rest of the laryngeal muscles
