Introduction to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards
What is the entrance to the thoracic cavity called?
the thoracic inlet
What is the function of the pleural fluid?
Prevents friction between organs
What is the visceral pleura?
The first layer, it lines the lungs
What is the parietal pleura?
secondary layer, it lines the thorax
Where is the pleural cavity?
between the visceral and parietal pleura, it is potential space that does not come in contact with the lungs
What is connecting pleura?
a double layer of serosa that connects visceral and parietal pleura also known as pulmonary ligaments
What is the mediastinum?
a connective tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities
What makes up the cranial mediastinum?
oesophagus, trachea, great vessels thoracic duct, some
lymph nodes & nerves, the thymus
What makes up the medial mediastinum?
Oesophagus, the termination of the trachea, pulmonary
vessels, aortic arch, thoracic duct, left or right azygous vein,
some lymph nodes, nerves, heart and pericardium
What makes up the caudal mediastinum?
Oesophagus, aorta, vagus trunks, some lymph nodes and
the left phrenic nerve
What is pulmonic circulation?
Circulation through the right hand side of the heart to the lungs
What is systemic circulation?
Through the left hand side of the heart, to the heart itself and then to the rest of the body
What does the external illiac artery supply?
It is the principal artery of the hindlimb and supplies blood to the lower extremity
What does the internal illiac artery supply?
supplies the pelvis, pelvic organs and the reproductive organs
What does the cranial vena cava drain?
drains the head, neck, thoracic limbs and and parts of the thorax
What does the caudal vena cava drain?
anything caudal to the diaphragm
What is the lymphatic vascular system responsible for?
the immunological defence of the body
What is one adaptation of lymph vessels?
they have overlapping endothelial cells which create valve like openings , this means that lymph cannot leave the vessels (it needs to be taken back to the veins)
What attaches the pleura to the bony parts of the thorax?
endothoracic fascia
What are the three different types of parietal pleura?
Diaphragmatic, Costal and Mediastinal
What does the costal parietal pleura cover?
The ribs/ inner surface of the thoracic cage
Where do the visceral and parietal pleura meet?
at the mediastinal pleura
What does the external jugular vein drain?
Drains blood from the superficial parts of the face
What is the function of lymphatic ducts?
To return lymph back to the body
What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
drains into the right side of the heart via the cranial vena cava or the jugular vein
What does the tracheal duct empty into?
either the thoracic duct or large veins near the heart
What is the species difference in horse mediastinum?
Mediastinum is fenestrated which allows for communication between cavities
What does the thoracic duct empty into?
The left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
Where is the thoracic duct located?
located on the left dorsal side
What attaches the pleura to bony and muscular parts of the thorax?
endothoracic fascia
What does the serous membrane line?
Thoracic cavity and thoracic organs
What is the function of pulmonary ligaments?
Connects the visceral and parietal pleura
What is the pericardial pleura?
Part of the mediastinal pleura that surrounds the heart
What animal is most likely to have an infection travel to the other sides of the mediastinum?
Horses, as the part of the mediastinum ventral to the oesophagus is fenestrated which allows communication
What nerve is not found in the mediatsinum
The right phrenic nerve
What is the size of veins in comparison to their accompaning arteries?
The veins will always be larger
What veins form the cranial vena cava?
Jugular veins, subclavian veins and vertebral veins
What veins form the caudal vena cava?
Junction of internal and external illiac veins
It is formed in the abdomen
Where is the external jugular vein formed?
Formed near the angle of the jaw
union of linguofacial and maxillary veins
What do the small and large lymph vessels drain into?
They empty into large veins
Type of cell
What creates the ‘valve-like’ openings in the lymph vessels?
Endothelial cells
Where is the cisterna chyli found?
Lefts side of the bdoy just dorsal to the renal artery
What trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?
Both the intestinal and lumbar trunks
Type of veins
Where does lymph enter after the cisterna chyli?
Either the left jugular vein or cranial vena cava
What is the mediastinum made up from?
Connective tissue
