Introduction to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Question 1

What is the entrance to the thoracic cavity called?

Answer 1

the thoracic inlet

Question 2

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

Answer 2

Prevents friction between organs

Question 3

What is the visceral pleura?

Answer 3

The first layer, it lines the lungs

Question 4

What is the parietal pleura?

Answer 4

secondary layer, it lines the thorax

Question 5

Where is the pleural cavity?

Answer 5

between the visceral and parietal pleura, it is potential space that does not come in contact with the lungs

Question 6

What is connecting pleura?

Answer 6

a double layer of serosa that connects visceral and parietal pleura also known as pulmonary ligaments

Question 7

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 7

a connective tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities

Question 8

What makes up the cranial mediastinum?

Answer 8

oesophagus, trachea, great vessels thoracic duct, some
lymph nodes & nerves, the thymus

Question 9

What makes up the medial mediastinum?

Answer 9

Oesophagus, the termination of the trachea, pulmonary
vessels, aortic arch, thoracic duct, left or right azygous vein,
some lymph nodes, nerves, heart and pericardium

Question 10

What makes up the caudal mediastinum?

Answer 10

Oesophagus, aorta, vagus trunks, some lymph nodes and
the left phrenic nerve

Question 11

What is pulmonic circulation?

Answer 11

Circulation through the right hand side of the heart to the lungs

Question 12

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 12

Through the left hand side of the heart, to the heart itself and then to the rest of the body

Question 13

What does the external illiac artery supply?

Answer 13

It is the principal artery of the hindlimb and supplies blood to the lower extremity

Question 14

What does the internal illiac artery supply?

Answer 14

supplies the pelvis, pelvic organs and the reproductive organs

Question 15

What does the cranial vena cava drain?

Answer 15

drains the head, neck, thoracic limbs and and parts of the thorax

Question 16

What does the caudal vena cava drain?

Answer 16

anything caudal to the diaphragm

Question 17

What is the lymphatic vascular system responsible for?

Answer 17

the immunological defence of the body

Question 18

What is one adaptation of lymph vessels?

Answer 18

they have overlapping endothelial cells which create valve like openings , this means that lymph cannot leave the vessels (it needs to be taken back to the veins)

Question 19

What attaches the pleura to the bony parts of the thorax?

Answer 19

endothoracic fascia

Question 20

What are the three different types of parietal pleura?

Answer 20

Diaphragmatic, Costal and Mediastinal

Question 21

What does the costal parietal pleura cover?

Answer 21

The ribs/ inner surface of the thoracic cage

Question 22

Where do the visceral and parietal pleura meet?

Answer 22

at the mediastinal pleura

Question 23

What does the external jugular vein drain?

Answer 23

Drains blood from the superficial parts of the face

Question 24

What is the function of lymphatic ducts?

Answer 24

To return lymph back to the body

Question 25

What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

Answer 25

drains into the right side of the heart via the cranial vena cava or the jugular vein

Question 26

What does the tracheal duct empty into?

Answer 26

either the thoracic duct or large veins near the heart

Question 27

What is the species difference in horse mediastinum?

Answer 27

Mediastinum is fenestrated which allows for communication between cavities

Question 28

What does the thoracic duct empty into?

Answer 28

The left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

Question 29

Where is the thoracic duct located?

Answer 29

located on the left dorsal side

Question 30

What attaches the pleura to bony and muscular parts of the thorax?

Answer 30

endothoracic fascia

Question 31

What does the serous membrane line?

Answer 31

Thoracic cavity and thoracic organs

Question 32

What is the function of pulmonary ligaments?

Answer 32

Connects the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 33

What is the pericardial pleura?

Answer 33

Part of the mediastinal pleura that surrounds the heart

Question 34

What animal is most likely to have an infection travel to the other sides of the mediastinum?

Answer 34

Horses, as the part of the mediastinum ventral to the oesophagus is fenestrated which allows communication

Question 35

What nerve is not found in the mediatsinum

Answer 35

The right phrenic nerve

Question 36

What is the size of veins in comparison to their accompaning arteries?

Answer 36

The veins will always be larger

Question 37

What veins form the cranial vena cava?

Answer 37

Jugular veins, subclavian veins and vertebral veins

Question 38

What veins form the caudal vena cava?

Answer 38

Junction of internal and external illiac veins

It is formed in the abdomen

Question 39

Where is the external jugular vein formed?

Answer 39

Formed near the angle of the jaw

union of linguofacial and maxillary veins

Question 40

What do the small and large lymph vessels drain into?

Answer 40

They empty into large veins

Question 41

Type of cell

What creates the ‘valve-like’ openings in the lymph vessels?

Answer 41

Endothelial cells

Question 42

Where is the cisterna chyli found?

Answer 42

Lefts side of the bdoy just dorsal to the renal artery

Question 43

What trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

Answer 43

Both the intestinal and lumbar trunks

Question 44

Type of veins

Where does lymph enter after the cisterna chyli?

Answer 44

Either the left jugular vein or cranial vena cava

Question 45

What is the mediastinum made up from?

Answer 45

Connective tissue