Introduction to bones

Question 1

What is the predominant function of bones?

Answer 1

Biomechanical

Question 2

What are some examples of biomechanical functions of bones?

Answer 2

To support the body
To act as levers
To protect soft parts

Question 3

What kind of homeostasis do bones perform?

Answer 3

Mineral homeostasis

Question 4

What are two minerals found in bones?

Answer 4

Calcium and phosphate

Question 5

What is the main function of calcium in bones?

Answer 5

To make them rigid

Question 6

What are the two components of bone (what it is made of)

Answer 6

Organic and inorganic components

Question 7

What makes up the organic component of bone?

Answer 7

connective tissue/ extracellular matrix

Question 8

What is the function of the inorganic/ mineral component of bones?

Answer 8

Gives versatile structure and function (stiffening content, without inorganic components the bone becomes soft)

Question 9

What is the outermost membrane of the bone called?

Answer 9

The periosteum

Question 10

What is the name of the second most outer layer of the bone?

Answer 10

Cortical/Compact bone

Question 11

What is the name of the spongy bone found in the centre of the bone?

Answer 11

Cancellous bone

Question 12

Which part of the bone contains bone marrow?

Answer 12

Cancellous bone

Question 13

What is the middle of the bone called?

Answer 13

Diaphysis

Question 14

What are the ends of the bone called?

Answer 14

Epiphysis

Question 15

What is the area where the middle and ends of the bone meet called?

Answer 15

Metaphysis

Question 16

What section of the bone contains the growth plates?

Answer 16

Metaphysis

Question 17

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 17

Hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

Question 18

What are 3 things found in living bone tissue?

Answer 18

Specialised cells, Nerve supply and blood supply

Question 19

What are the 4 types of cells found in bones?

Answer 19

Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteogenic cells, Osteoclasts

Question 20

Which cells maintain bone tissue?

Answer 20

Osteocytes

Question 21

Which cells form the bone matrix?

Answer 21

Osteoblasts

Question 22

Which cells are undifferentiated stem cells?

Answer 22

Osteogenic cells

Question 23

Which cells eat/resorb bone?

Answer 23

Osteoclasts

Question 24

What is the haversian system?

Answer 24

microscopic canals that house nerve fibres and a few capillaries

Question 25

How is the haversian system formed?

Answer 25

Bone remodelling, so using osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Question 26

What is Wolff's law?

Answer 26

Bone adapts to load to prevent damage

Question 27

What can cause bone remodelling?

Answer 27

Internal and external factors such as forces on bones/ joints

Question 28

What are three ways of classifying bones?

Answer 28

Topographically, by formation/growth, By Shape

Question 29

What are three different shapes of bones?

Answer 29

Long, Short and Flat

Question 30

What is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 30

small bones that form at the same time and within a tendon, they are very sensitive to biochemical forces

Question 31

What are 2 examples of long bones?

Answer 31

humerus and fibula

Question 32

Which bones usually have no medullary cavity?

Answer 32

Short bones

Question 33

What are some examples of short bones?

Answer 33

carpal and tarsal bones

Question 34

What are some examples of flat bones?

Answer 34

scapula, ribs and frontal bone

Question 35

What is an apophysis?

Answer 35

protuberance that develops from an independent ossification centre and an attachment site for muscles and ligaments also called a trochanter

Question 36

What is a foramen?

Answer 36

an opening in bone

Question 37

What is fossa?

Answer 37

a shallow depression

Question 38

Are the bones in the skull paired or unpaired?

Answer 38

paired

Question 39

How many mandibular bones are there?

Answer 39

two

Question 40

What is the Hyoid?

Answer 40

A series of bony rods joined together

Question 41

What is the function of the hyoid?

Answer 41

suspends the tongue and larynx from the skull

Question 42

What do vertebral bones enclose?

Answer 42

The spinal cord

Question 43

What are some examples of vertebral bones?

Answer 43

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar

Question 44

What can be found in-between vertebral bodies?

Answer 44

intervertebral discs

Question 45

What plane of the ribs is mostly made up of cartilage?

Answer 45

The ventral plane

Question 46

What is the name of the last rib that may fail to contact?

Answer 46

The floating rib

Question 47

What is the name of the cranial most part of the sternum?

Answer 47

manubrium

Question 48

What is the name of the caudal most part of the sternum?

Answer 48

xiphoid cartilage

Question 49

Why does the scapula have good movement?

Answer 49

It is held onto the body by muscles so doesn't actually attach to anything

Question 50

What are the two parts of the scapula?

Answer 50

infra- and supra-spinous fossae

Question 51

What is the clavicle?

Answer 51

collar-bone

Question 52

What is the humerus?

Answer 52

upper arm bone

Question 53

In what animals are the radius and ulna fused together?

Answer 53

ungulates and pigs

Question 54

How many rows of carpal bones are there?

Answer 54

two rows

Question 55

What are the three phalanges?

Answer 55

Proximal, Middle and Distal

Question 56

Why do birds have many fused bones?

Answer 56

Strength and weight reduction

Question 57

Why do birds have no teeth?

Answer 57

reduced weight

Question 58

What are pneumatised bones and what animal has them?

Answer 58

Air filled bones, Birds

Question 59

Which bone is an important calcium reservoir in birds?

Answer 59

Medullary bone

Question 60

What animals have a coracoid?

Answer 60

reptiles and birds

Question 61

What are the vertebrae in reptiles divided into?

Answer 61

presacral, sacral and caudal

Question 62

What is the consequence of Epiphyses not closing in reptiles?

Answer 62

No skeletal 'maturity' and some species grow their whole life

Question 63

How do fish move?

Answer 63

By lateral undulation

Question 64

Which hyoid bone is visible in the guttural pouch of the horse?

Answer 64

The Stylohyoid

Question 65

What is a difference between the lateral and medial mandible?

Answer 65

lateral has mental foramina

Question 66

What does the coronoid process attach to?

Answer 66

The temporalis, which is a fan shaped muscle

Question 67

How many cervical vertebral bones are there always in mammals?

Answer 67

seven