Introduction to bones Flashcards
What is the predominant function of bones?
Biomechanical
What are some examples of biomechanical functions of bones?
To support the body
To act as levers
To protect soft parts
What kind of homeostasis do bones perform?
Mineral homeostasis
What are two minerals found in bones?
Calcium and phosphate
What is the main function of calcium in bones?
To make them rigid
What are the two components of bone (what it is made of)
Organic and inorganic components
What makes up the organic component of bone?
connective tissue/ extracellular matrix
What is the function of the inorganic/ mineral component of bones?
Gives versatile structure and function (stiffening content, without inorganic components the bone becomes soft)
What is the outermost membrane of the bone called?
The periosteum
What is the name of the second most outer layer of the bone?
Cortical/Compact bone
What is the name of the spongy bone found in the centre of the bone?
Cancellous bone
Which part of the bone contains bone marrow?
Cancellous bone
What is the middle of the bone called?
Diaphysis
What are the ends of the bone called?
Epiphysis
What is the area where the middle and ends of the bone meet called?
Metaphysis
What section of the bone contains the growth plates?
Metaphysis
What is the medullary cavity?
Hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
What are 3 things found in living bone tissue?
Specialised cells, Nerve supply and blood supply
What are the 4 types of cells found in bones?
Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteogenic cells, Osteoclasts
Which cells maintain bone tissue?
Osteocytes
Which cells form the bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
Which cells are undifferentiated stem cells?
Osteogenic cells
Which cells eat/resorb bone?
Osteoclasts
What is the haversian system?
microscopic canals that house nerve fibres and a few capillaries
How is the haversian system formed?
Bone remodelling, so using osteoclasts and osteoblasts
What is Wolff’s law?
Bone adapts to load to prevent damage
What can cause bone remodelling?
Internal and external factors such as forces on bones/ joints
What are three ways of classifying bones?
Topographically, by formation/growth, By Shape
What are three different shapes of bones?
Long, Short and Flat
What is a sesamoid bone?
small bones that form at the same time and within a tendon, they are very sensitive to biochemical forces
What are 2 examples of long bones?
humerus and fibula
Which bones usually have no medullary cavity?
Short bones
What are some examples of short bones?
carpal and tarsal bones
What are some examples of flat bones?
scapula, ribs and frontal bone
What is an apophysis?
protuberance that develops from an independent ossification centre and an attachment site for muscles and ligaments also called a trochanter
What is a foramen?
an opening in bone
What is fossa?
a shallow depression
Are the bones in the skull paired or unpaired?
paired
How many mandibular bones are there?
two
What is the Hyoid?
A series of bony rods joined together
What is the function of the hyoid?
suspends the tongue and larynx from the skull
What do vertebral bones enclose?
The spinal cord
What are some examples of vertebral bones?
Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar
What can be found in-between vertebral bodies?
intervertebral discs
What plane of the ribs is mostly made up of cartilage?
The ventral plane
What is the name of the last rib that may fail to contact?
The floating rib
What is the name of the cranial most part of the sternum?
manubrium
What is the name of the caudal most part of the sternum?
xiphoid cartilage
Why does the scapula have good movement?
It is held onto the body by muscles so doesn’t actually attach to anything
What are the two parts of the scapula?
infra- and supra-spinous fossae
What is the clavicle?
collar-bone
What is the humerus?
upper arm bone
In what animals are the radius and ulna fused together?
ungulates and pigs
How many rows of carpal bones are there?
two rows
What are the three phalanges?
Proximal, Middle and Distal
Why do birds have many fused bones?
Strength and weight reduction
Why do birds have no teeth?
reduced weight
What are pneumatised bones and what animal has them?
Air filled bones, Birds
Which bone is an important calcium reservoir in birds?
Medullary bone
What animals have a coracoid?
reptiles and birds
What are the vertebrae in reptiles divided into?
presacral, sacral and caudal
What is the consequence of Epiphyses not closing in reptiles?
No skeletal ‘maturity’ and some species grow their whole life
How do fish move?
By lateral undulation
Which hyoid bone is visible in the guttural pouch of the horse?
The Stylohyoid
What is a difference between the lateral and medial mandible?
lateral has mental foramina
What does the coronoid process attach to?
The temporalis, which is a fan shaped muscle
How many cervical vertebral bones are there always in mammals?
seven
