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VMS 1005 > Introduction to bones > Flashcards

Introduction to bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the predominant function of bones?

A

Biomechanical

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2
Q

What are some examples of biomechanical functions of bones?

A

To support the body
To act as levers
To protect soft parts

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3
Q

What kind of homeostasis do bones perform?

A

Mineral homeostasis

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4
Q

What are two minerals found in bones?

A

Calcium and phosphate

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5
Q

What is the main function of calcium in bones?

A

To make them rigid

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6
Q

What are the two components of bone (what it is made of)

A

Organic and inorganic components

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7
Q

What makes up the organic component of bone?

A

connective tissue/ extracellular matrix

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8
Q

What is the function of the inorganic/ mineral component of bones?

A

Gives versatile structure and function (stiffening content, without inorganic components the bone becomes soft)

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9
Q

What is the outermost membrane of the bone called?

A

The periosteum

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10
Q

What is the name of the second most outer layer of the bone?

A

Cortical/Compact bone

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11
Q

What is the name of the spongy bone found in the centre of the bone?

A

Cancellous bone

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12
Q

Which part of the bone contains bone marrow?

A

Cancellous bone

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13
Q

What is the middle of the bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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14
Q

What are the ends of the bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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15
Q

What is the area where the middle and ends of the bone meet called?

A

Metaphysis

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16
Q

What section of the bone contains the growth plates?

A

Metaphysis

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17
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

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18
Q

What are 3 things found in living bone tissue?

A

Specialised cells, Nerve supply and blood supply

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of cells found in bones?

A

Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteogenic cells, Osteoclasts

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20
Q

Which cells maintain bone tissue?

A

Osteocytes

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21
Q

Which cells form the bone matrix?

A

Osteoblasts

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22
Q

Which cells are undifferentiated stem cells?

A

Osteogenic cells

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23
Q

Which cells eat/resorb bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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24
Q

What is the haversian system?

A

microscopic canals that house nerve fibres and a few capillaries

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25
Q

How is the haversian system formed?

A

Bone remodelling, so using osteoclasts and osteoblasts

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26
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

Bone adapts to load to prevent damage

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27
Q

What can cause bone remodelling?

A

Internal and external factors such as forces on bones/ joints

28
Q

What are three ways of classifying bones?

A

Topographically, by formation/growth, By Shape

29
Q

What are three different shapes of bones?

A

Long, Short and Flat

30
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

small bones that form at the same time and within a tendon, they are very sensitive to biochemical forces

31
Q

What are 2 examples of long bones?

A

humerus and fibula

32
Q

Which bones usually have no medullary cavity?

A

Short bones

33
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A

carpal and tarsal bones

34
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

scapula, ribs and frontal bone

35
Q

What is an apophysis?

A

protuberance that develops from an independent ossification centre and an attachment site for muscles and ligaments also called a trochanter

36
Q

What is a foramen?

A

an opening in bone

37
Q

What is fossa?

A

a shallow depression

38
Q

Are the bones in the skull paired or unpaired?

A

paired

39
Q

How many mandibular bones are there?

A

two

40
Q

What is the Hyoid?

A

A series of bony rods joined together

41
Q

What is the function of the hyoid?

A

suspends the tongue and larynx from the skull

42
Q

What do vertebral bones enclose?

A

The spinal cord

43
Q

What are some examples of vertebral bones?

A

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar

44
Q

What can be found in-between vertebral bodies?

A

intervertebral discs

45
Q

What plane of the ribs is mostly made up of cartilage?

A

The ventral plane

46
Q

What is the name of the last rib that may fail to contact?

A

The floating rib

47
Q

What is the name of the cranial most part of the sternum?

A

manubrium

48
Q

What is the name of the caudal most part of the sternum?

A

xiphoid cartilage

49
Q

Why does the scapula have good movement?

A

It is held onto the body by muscles so doesn’t actually attach to anything

50
Q

What are the two parts of the scapula?

A

infra- and supra-spinous fossae

51
Q

What is the clavicle?

A

collar-bone

52
Q

What is the humerus?

A

upper arm bone

53
Q

In what animals are the radius and ulna fused together?

A

ungulates and pigs

54
Q

How many rows of carpal bones are there?

A

two rows

55
Q

What are the three phalanges?

A

Proximal, Middle and Distal

56
Q

Why do birds have many fused bones?

A

Strength and weight reduction

57
Q

Why do birds have no teeth?

A

reduced weight

58
Q

What are pneumatised bones and what animal has them?

A

Air filled bones, Birds

59
Q

Which bone is an important calcium reservoir in birds?

A

Medullary bone

60
Q

What animals have a coracoid?

A

reptiles and birds

61
Q

What are the vertebrae in reptiles divided into?

A

presacral, sacral and caudal

62
Q

What is the consequence of Epiphyses not closing in reptiles?

A

No skeletal ‘maturity’ and some species grow their whole life

63
Q

How do fish move?

A

By lateral undulation

64
Q

Which hyoid bone is visible in the guttural pouch of the horse?

A

The Stylohyoid

65
Q

What is a difference between the lateral and medial mandible?

A

lateral has mental foramina

66
Q

What does the coronoid process attach to?

A

The temporalis, which is a fan shaped muscle

67
Q

How many cervical vertebral bones are there always in mammals?

A

seven

VMS 1005 (33 decks)

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