Cardiovascular homeostasis I Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lung, short distance and the pressure requirements are low

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2
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood pumped from the heart to the rest of the body, long distance with high aortic pressure

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3
Q

What is the main function of the heart?

A

To pump blood at a pressure high enough that it is able to circulate throughout the entire body and reach all the target organs

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4
Q

What does a P wave show?

A

Depolarisation of the atria

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5
Q

What does the QRS complex show?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

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6
Q

What does a T wave show?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

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7
Q

What sound does the closure of the AV valves make?

A

A ‘lubb’ sound, it is long and deep

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8
Q

Which valves vibrate as they close?

A

the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

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9
Q

What is the ‘second sound’?

A

Fast Closure of the pulmonary/ aortic valve as the ventricles relax- it is a higher pitched and shorter sound

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10
Q

Where is information sent to either increase or decrease rate of firing?

A

Information is sent to the SA node

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11
Q

What system controls the regulation of the heart rate?

A

The nervous system (specifically the autonomic)

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12
Q

What receptors on the heart stimulate the sympathetic system?

A

Beta-1-adrenoreceptors

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13
Q

What receptors on the heart stimulate the parasympathetic system?

A

M2 Muscarinic receptors (inhibit/s low down heart rate)

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14
Q

Why is the resting heart rate low in animals?

A

The parasympathetic system is dominating

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15
Q

What effect does the stretching of cardiovascular muscle have on the ventricles?

A

The force exerted due to the stretch further increases pressure inside the ventricle

this is called isovolumetric contraction

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16
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

When left ventricle pressure rises above the atrial pressure causing the mitral valve to close

this produces the first ‘lub’ heart sound

17
Q

What occurs to the LV muscles as blood starts to leave the LV

A

the LV muscles start to shorten which aids in expelling blood

18
Q

When do the aortic valves close during the cardiac cycle and what is the significance?

A

The aortic valves close once the LV pressure falls below the aortic pressure- this helps to prevent backflow and helps propel the blood

19
Q

When do the left atrioventricular (bicuspid/mitral) valves re-open?

A

Once the LV pressure is below the atrial pressure

20
Q

Why is atrial contraction actually only neccesary during exercise?

A

atrial contraction only adds around 25% of the blood volume

21
Q

Why would the atrial pressure increase when the ventricle contracts?

A

There is a bulging of the AV valve into the atria

22
Q

What can be used as a surrogate marker to measure left atrial pressure?

A

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

23
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

Time during which the ventricles are contracting and emptying

24
Q

What is the TP interval?

A

Time during which the ventricles are relaxing and filling

25
What is the 'third heart sound'
heard immediately after the second heart sound shows changing in filling speed
26
What is the 'fourth heart sound'
It is heard immediately before the 1st heart sound contraction of the atria causes vibration of the ventricles
27
What would a cardiac cycle be defined as?
the events occuring from the start of one beat to the start of another
28
What hormones have an effect on the sympathetic innervation of the heart?
Adrenaline/ noradrenaline
29
What hormones have an effect on the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
acetylcholine (vagus nerve stimulation)