Match 3 Infectious Disease Flashcards
Disorders of the Immune System
(Name 3)
Disorders of the Immune System
*Deficiency
*Overactive
*Attacks yourself
Deficiency in the Immune System:
- Example:
- Immune system can also be suppressed b? (4 things)
Deficiency in the Immune System
- Can be born with it, or acquired (side effect of medication or disease)
- Example: Chemo and other cancer drugs, HIV
- Immune system can also be suppressed by smoking, poor nutrition, alcohol and stress
Overactive Immune System: (2 things)
Examples:
Overactive Immune System
- Innate immune system response
to things that are not harmful (i.e. allergies) - Dust, mold, pollen and food are common allergens
Examples:
* Asthma
* Eczema – itchy rash
* Allergic rhinitis (i.e. hay fever)
The Immune System attacks itself
Autoimmune disease:
- Cause: (2 things)
Examples: (Name 3)
The Immune System attacks itself
Autoimmune disease
- Mix of innate and adaptive immune system attacking normal, healthy tissue
- Cause unknown
- Thought to be a combination of genes and environmental triggers
Examples:
* Type 1 diabetes – destruction of pancreas that makes insulin
* Rheumatoid arthritis – swelling and deformities of joints
* Lupus – attacks many tissues such as lungs, kidneys and skin
Stages of Disease
Stage 1 ( 2 things)
Stages of Disease
- Incubation
* Viruses or bacteria are multiplying
* No symptoms but may be contagious
Stages of Disease
Stage 2 ( 2 things)
Stages of Disease
- Prodromal period
- Some vague, mild symptoms (e.g.
fever. headache, malaise) - Symptoms are related to the immune response
Stages of Disease
Stage 3 ( 2 things)
Stages of Disease
- Invasive Phase
- Symptoms related to the disease
- Acme – peak where disease are most
severe
Stages of Disease
Stage 4:
Stages of Disease
- Decline Phase
- Host immune defense and treatment
overcome the pathogen
Stages of Disease
Stage 5:
Stages of Disease
- Convalescence
- Healing and tissues repaired, body
recovers
R0 or Rnaught:
Measles ___-___
Covid ___-___
HIV ___-___
R0 or Rnaught – Index of Contagiousness
Measles 11-18
Covid 2 - 2.5
HIV 3.6 -3.7
How do vaccines work?
(2 things)
How do vaccines work?
- Introduce the antigen (virus parts or whole) to the body so that antibodies are created that recognize the unique antigen characteristics for that virus.
- Vaccines also contain adjuvants that increase the immune response
Measles… down but not out in Canada
(3 things)
Measles… down but not out in Canada
- Eliminated in Canada in 1998, but it is still present around the world
- Measles cases are imported every year
- Outbreak at Disneyland in 2015 linked with 147 cases…at least 10 in Canada
Measles
(5 things)
Measles
- Highly contagious and can be spread through the air, infecting up to 90% of close contacts
- Cough, pink eye, runny nose and fever followed by a rash
- Can result in encephalitis (brain inflammation), causing brain damage and death
- Needs at least 95% vaccination rates
- No cure
Smallpox
(6 things)
Smallpox
- It was one of the deadliest and most contagious diseases known to humankind (mortality rate of 33%).
- Smallpox killed over half a billion people in the 20th century alone — 3x the number of deaths from all of the century’s wars combined.
- No cure
- Survivors often had blindness and disfigurement
- Vaccine developed in 1798
- Eradicated through vaccination in Canada by 1946
Diphtheria
(3 things)
Complications
(4 things)
mortality rate? (2 things)
Treatment? (2 things)
Diphtheria
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Spores from soil, dust or manure enter the body through cuts or animal bites
- Breathing problems, sore throat, mild fever, and swollen glands in the neck
- Complications – airway blockage, myocarditis, nerve damage, kidney failure
- 10% mortality rate
- Was the leading cause of childhood death before vaccination
- Treatment – antitoxin and antibiotics
Rubella
(Name 3)
Rubella
- Low-grade fever, respiratory problems, and most notably, a rash of pink or light red spots
that typically begins on the face and spreads downward - Pregnant women who get Rubella can have
miscarriages or serious birth defects, including deafness, cataracts, heart disease, and intellectual disability. - No Cure
Polio
(Name 3)
Polio
- Affects the body’s nervous system and can cause a gradual weakening of the leg
muscles and loss of movement. - 1-2% of those who contract the virus become paralyzed.
- There is no cure
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
(Name 3)
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
- Spores from soil, dust or manure enter the body through cuts or animal bites
- Jaw cramping, muscle spasms, painful muscle stiffness all over the body, trouble swallowing, seizures, headache, fever and sweating
- The case fatality rate in unvaccinated
individuals varies from 10% to over 80%, depending primarily on age (highest in infants and the elderly) and on quality of care. - No cure
How did we get the COVID-19 vaccine so fast?
(5 things)
How did we get the COVID-19 vaccine so fast?
Existing previous research on Coronaviruses and advances in technology
viral sequence of SARS-CoV-2 reported
in January 2020 — roughly 10 days after the first case
Established importance of the viral spike (S)
protein in viral attachment, fusion, and entry as a target for the development of antibody
therapies, and vaccines.
Work on vaccines for SARS (severe acute
respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East
respiratory syndrome) were adjusted for COVID-19 (Astrazeneca)
RNA vaccines have been studied for 10-15
years, developed just in time for pandemic
(Pfizer and Moderna)
How did we get the COVID vaccine so fast? Part 2? (7 things)
Enormous funding and public interest sped up research
The slowest part of vaccine development is testing them (often years)
Early development and initial clinical safety trials for a typical vaccine cost 31–$68 million.
US Operation Warp Speed vaccine programme is a government stimulus package for pharma companies ($10 billion)
Funding allowed companies to do preclinical and phase I, II and III trials, as well as manufacturing, all at the same time
allows companies to produce and stockpile vaccine doses even before we know if it works
high interest in volunteers for vaccine studies, allowing for thousands to be enrolled relatively quickly.
How did we get the COVID vaccine so fast? Part 3.
(Name 4)
How did we get the COVID vaccine so fast?
Regulators moved more quickly than
normal
We got lucky.
* “There has been an estimated 250,000 variants or strains of SARS-CoV-2 sequenced in the lab.
* COVID-19 has a low mutation rate compared to the mutation rate of the influenza virus
* The virus doesn’t have effective strategies
for foiling the human immune system like
HIV, herpes or even influenza (impairs
antibodies or mutations).
