Mar 10 Cancer 2 Flashcards
Process to Cancer (5 steps)
Process to Cancer
Genetically altered cell
1) Tumor development begins with a cell gets a genetic mutation
Hyperplasia
2) Hyperplasia occurs but cells look normal. After a period of time some cells mutate further
Dysplasia
3) Cells continue to reproduce, and descendants appear abnormal in shape (dysplasia). After time, a rare mutation that alters cell’s behavior occurs.
In Situ cancer
4) Affected cells are abnormal in growth and appearance but the tumor is still contained (in situ cancer).
Invasive Cancer
5) If genetic changes allow the tumor to begin invading underlying tissues and to shed cell into lymph or blood. The escaped cells establish new tumors (metastases). These may be lethal.
METASTASIS:
METASTASIS
the spread of cancer from its original site to other parts of the body.
The prostate is?
(Name 4)
This process of noncancerous growth is
called?
The prostate is a gland and part of the male reproductive system:
- Located underneath the bladder
- Should be size of a chestnut
- Produces the fluid that carries sperm during ejaculation.
- Covers the urethra and grows in size as a man ages; it can eventually cause problems with urination.
- This process of noncancerous growth is
called Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and
is more commonly known as Prostate
Enlargement.
Prostate cancer is? (2 things)
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death for men in Canada (lung cancer deaths are a little higher).
Prostate cancer (malignant cells) usually grows slowly, and finding and treating it before symptoms occur may or may not always improve men’s health or help them live longer
Prostate Cance
Some of the risk factors for this cancerinclude:
Prostate Cancer: Older age, African-American race, tobacco use, and family history are recognized as some of the risk factors for this cancer
4 types of screening for prostate cancer.
4 types of screening
PSA (Prostate specific antigen test)
Digital rectal examination
Prostate biopsy
Prostate MRI
Symptoms of Prostate cancer
(Name 3)
Symptoms of Prostate cancer
Blockage in flow of urine
Blood in the urine or sperm
Sore bones
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test
(2 things)
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test
It’s normal to have some in your body
A high level of PSA can also re raised by UTI, Vigours exercise, Prostate stimulation, anal sex, recent ejaculation, and certain meds.
Suspecting and Confirming Prostate
Cancer
Abnormal growth of the prostate tissue is usually detected through:
A confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer requires:
Medical imaging is performed to look for cancer that has spread outside the:
Abnormal growth of the prostate tissue is usually detected through an initial screening tests (a prostate exam and a blood test) that are NOT definitive for prostate cancer…
A confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer requires a biopsy of the prostate. If cancer is present, the pathologist assigns a Gleason score (2-10); a higher score represents a more dangerous tumor.
Medical imaging is performed to look for cancer that has spread outside the prostate. Based on the Gleason score, PSA levels, and imaging results, a cancer case is assigned a stage 1 to 4. A higher stage signifies a more advanced, more dangerous disease.
Lymphatic channels:
Lymphatic channels
Removes excess fluid from the body’s tissues through the lymph nodes.
Although prostate cancer typically:
Although prostate cancer typically grows slowly, it can potentially invade the nearby organs or metastasize distantly, most commonly to the axial skeleton (bones in spine and ribs)
How is prostate cancer treated?
Name 5
How is prostate cancer treated?
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Hormone Therapy
Surgery
Immunotherapy
3 Parts of the breast
Parts of the breast
Terminal Duct
Lobule
Duct (Leading to the nipple)
3 Types of Breast cancers and the rarity
Types of Breast cancers
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (15% agressive)
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (80% non-aggressive)
Ductal Carcinoma In situ (very treatable)
Angelina Jolie:
Angelina Jolie underwent a preventive double mastectomy after discovering she had an 87% risk of breast cancer due to a defective BRCA1 gene.
Her family history, including her mother and grandmother’s battles with cancer, prompted genetic testing. Her aunt, who had the same mutation, died from breast cancer shortly after Jolie’s surgery. The procedure reduced her breast cancer risk to under 5%, and she later had reconstructive surgery.
In 2015, due to a 50% risk of ovarian cancer, she also underwent a preventive salpingo-oophorectomy.
The term ‘stage of cancer’ means?
Cancer stage is based on ?
The term ‘stage of cancer’ means the stage the cancer was at when it was first diagnosed.
Cancer stage is based on the tumor size, whether the cancer is invasive or non-invasive, whether lymph nodes are involved, and whether the cancer has spread…
SKIN CANCER (Melanoma)
Risk Factors
(5 things)
SKIN CANCER (Melanoma)
Risk Factors
✔Fair skin, light eyes, or fair hair
✔A tendency to develop freckles and to
burn instead of tan
✔A history of childhood sunburn or
intermittent, intense sun exposure
✔A personal or family history of
melanoma
✔A large number of nevi, or moles (200 or more, or 50 or more if under age 20) or dysplastic (atypical) moles
Preventable cancers
___% of cancer cases can be prevented
Cause (name 6)
Preventable cancers
40% of cancer cases can be prevented
Cause
Smoking
Obesity
Alcohol
UV radiation
Physical inactivity
Poor diet
5-year survival rate of local prostate cancer vs prostate cancer that has spread.
100% 5-year survival rate for localized prostate cancer
30% for prostate cancer that has spread
