Jan 13 Weight Loss, Diet, Exercise, Med, surgery and fads Flashcards
Average weight gain in the US is _____
Average weight gain in the US is 1.8-2 lb/yr
Satiety Signals to the Brain
Hormones involved: (Name 5)
PP:
Leptin: (4 facts)
Ghrelin: (3 facts)
Brain Processing Time:
What do Insulin and glucagon do to appetite?
Hormones involved:
PYY ,
GLP-1,
CKK (All 3 above are from your Intestine),
Leptin, and Ghrelin.
PP (Pancreatic Peptide): Reduces appetite
Leptin:
* From Aptidose tissues
* Signals fullness decreasing appetite
* Increases metabolism
* Also known as the satiety hormone
Ghrelin:
* From the Stomach
* Only hormone that signals hunger;
* Also known as the hunger hormone.
Brain Processing Time: ~20 minutes for the brain to register fullness.
Insulin inhibits/stimulates appetite while Glucagon reduces appetite
Prader-Willi
(2 facts)
Caused by excess ghrelin leading to excessive hunger and obesity.
No effective medications for regulating appetite.
Satiety Hormone - Leptin
Discovered in?
(2 facts)
Satiety Hormone - Leptin
- Discovered in 1994
- Decrease appetite
- Increase metabolism
Prevalence of Leptin Deficiency in Humans
(4 facts)
Prevalence of Leptin Deficiency in Humans
- Only a few dozen cases in the world
- Normal weight at birth
- Chronic excessive eating (hyperphagia)
- Fighting over food, hoarding food, and eating in secret.
Leptin Resistance: (3 facts)
- Common in obesity
- Signals of fullness are not received due to the brain-blood barrier blocking the Leptin from entering.
- Lleads to increased food intake to produce more leptin
Gut Satiety Hormones
(3 facts)
Gut Satiety Hormones
- Released in the intestine in response to food, goes to the brain and decreases appetite
- High fibre diets causes greater gut hormone production
- Obesity causes less secretion of appetite reducing gut hormones (they feel less full when they eat)
Volumetrics – Energy Density
You want food high in _____ and low in _____.
Name 5 products from high fiber to low fiber
Volumetrics – Energy Density
You want food high in fibre and low in calories
Fruits/Veggies, rice, meat, cheese, and oil
Fibre Pills:
Meta-Analysis Results:
(3 facts)
Fibre Pills
Thought to decrease Glycemic Index of food and increase satiety
Meta Analysis Results
- no significant effects on body weight
- significant reductions for total and LDL cholesterol
- Caused diarrhea and abdominal bloating
“The consumption of each type of
food with the exception of _____ _____ was significantly greater in the food ads condition than with non-food ads in the obese, overweight and healthy-weight children.”
“The consumption of each type of food with the exception of low-fat savoury was significantly greater in the food ads condition than with non-food ads in the obese, overweight and healthy-weight children.”
High sugar, high fat, and high salt is related to your ______ _____
Regardless of hunger, people typically _____ when offered the _____ and variety of an “all you can eat” buffet.
High sugar, high fat, and high salt are related to your reward pathway
Regardless of hunger, people typically overeat when offered the abundance and variety of an “all you can eat” buffet.
Social Factors that Influence Food Intake – Summary
(Name 6)
Social Factors that Influence Food Intake – Summary
- Portion Size
- Taste
- Advertisement
- Variety
- Plate Size
- Availability
Low Fat versus Low Carbohydrate Diet
Which is better in 6 months of calorie-restricting dieting?
(2 facts)
Which is better in 12 months of calorie-restricting dieting?
(2 facts)
Low Fat versus Low Carbohydrate Diet
Short duration (less than 6 months) of calorie-restricted dieting,
* Low CHO diets (e.g.. Atkins Diet) result in more total weight loss than Low Fat diets.
* In low CHO diets alot of the weight loss is water loss (1 g CHO: 3 g Water)
Dieting 12 months or longer, there is no difference between the two diets in the total weight loss.
- Low carb diets tend to be high in saturated fat, and blood lipids tend to be higher
1 lb of fat is how many kcal per mile walked or jogged
Do larger portions lead to higher food intake?
Variety, availability, plate size, and advertisements influence overeating by what?
Activities that equate 3500 kcal (1 lb of fat)
~100 kcal per mile walked or jogged
Larger portions lead to higher food intake
Variety, availability, plate size, and advertisements influence overeating by stimulating the activation of the hunger pathway in the reward center
Role of Physical Activity in Obesity Reduction
Evidence Statements:
(2 facts)
1) “ Aerobic exercise in overweight and obese
adults results in modest (<2 kg) weight loss
2) “Physical activity in overweight and obese adults modestly (< 2 cm) reduces abdominal fat”.
Weight Loss Success Stats
(4 facts)
Weight Loss Success Stats
- 9 out of 10 adults have tried to lose weight through diet and exercise.
- ~50% tried to lose weight at least 5 different times
- 20% of Americans with obesity made 20 or more attempts to lose weight through diet or exercise methods
- Over 95% of individuals will not maintain a reduced weight
The _____ _____ is Literally Burned into your Brain
Scar Tissue (_____) in the _____ causes?
(2 facts)
The Set Point is Literally Burned into your Brain
Scar Tissue (Gliosis) in the Hypothalamus
– Chronic obesity
– Set point theory
What yields the best weight loss result?
Sustained weight loss is challenging without?
Do obese individuals lose fat more slowly?
Diet and exercise yields the best results.
Sustained weight loss is challenging without lifestyle changes.
Obese individuals lose fat more slowly but retain higher body weight compared to lean individuals during starvation.
