Jan 13 Weight Loss, Diet, Exercise, Med, surgery and fads

Question 1

Magnitude of the Energy Imbalance in
20-40 yr old men and women

Average weight gain in the US is _____

Answer 1

Magnitude of the Energy Imbalance in
20-40 yr old men and women

Average weight gain in the US is 1.8-2 lb/yr

Question 2

Satiety Signals to the Brain

Hormones involved: _____, _____, _____, (All 3 are from your _____), Leptin, and Ghrelin.

PP = _____ (_____ appetite)

_____ (From _____tissues): Signals _____, _____ appetite, _____ metabolism, also known as the _____ hormone

_____ (From the _____ ): The only hormone that signals _____ ; Also known as the hunger hormone.

Brain Processing Time: It takes ~_____ minutes for the brain to register fullness.

Insulin _____/_____ appetite while _____ reduces appetite

Answer 2

Satiety Signals to the Brain

Hormones involved: PYY (Peptide YY (satiety)), GLP-1, CKK (All 3 are from your Intestine), Leptin, and Ghrelin.

PP = Pancreatic Peptide (reduces appetite)

Leptin (From Aptidose tissues): Signals fullness, decreases appetite, increases metabolism, also known as the satiety hormone

Ghrelin (From the Stomach): The only hormone that signals hunger; Also known as the hunger hormone.

Brain Processing Time: It takes ~20 minutes for the brain to register fullness.

Insulin inhibits/stimulates appetite while Glucagon reduces appetite

Question 3

Prader-Willi

Caused by excess _____ leading to _____ hunger and obesity.

No effective medications for _____ appetite.

Answer 3

Prader-Willi

Caused by excess ghrelin leading to excessive hunger and obesity.

No effective medications for regulating appetite.

Question 4

Satiety Hormone - Leptin

• Leptin itself was discovered in ____
• Key role in _____ appetite (_____) and _____ (_____).

Answer 4

Satiety Hormone - Leptin

• Leptin itself was discovered in 1994
• Key role in regulating appetite (decrease) and metabolism (increase).

Question 5

Prevalence of Leptin Deficiency in Humans

• Only a few dozen cases in the world
• _____ weight at birth
• Constantly hungry with chronic excessive
  eating (_____)
• Fighting over food, hoarding food, and
  eating in secret.

Answer 5

Prevalence of Leptin Deficiency in Humans

• Only a few dozen cases in the world
• Normal weight at birth
• Constantly hungry with chronic excessive
  eating (hyperphagia)
• Fighting over food, hoarding food, and
  eating in secret.

Question 6

Leptin Resistance: Common in obesity; _____ signals are not _____ despite high leptin levels due to the _____ blocking the _____ from entering. This leads to _____ food intake to _____ leptin

Answer 6

Leptin Resistance: Common in obesity; signals of fullness are not received despite high leptin levels due to the brain-blood barrier blocking the Leptin from entering. This leads to increased food intake to produce more leptin

Question 7

Gut Satiety Hormones

• Released in the _____ in response to food, goes to the _____ and _____ the urge to eat
• High _____ diets stimulate greater _____ hormone production
• Individuals with obesity secrete _____ appetite
  reducing gut hormones than _____ people
• This means that they feel _____ _____ when they eat

Answer 7

Gut Satiety Hormones

• Released in the intestine in response to food, goes to the brain and decreases the urge to eat
• High fibre diets stimulate greater gut hormone production
• Individuals with obesity secrete less appetite
  reducing gut hormones than lean people
• This means that they feel less full when they eat

Question 8

Volumetrics – Energy Density

You want food high in _____.

Answer 8

Volumetrics – Energy Density

You want food high in fibre

Question 9

Fibre Pills

Thought to decrease _____ _____ of food and increase _____

Meta-Analysis Results
- no significant effects on _____
- significant reductions in total and _____
- Adverse events reported included _____ and _____ _____.

Answer 9

Fibre Pills

Thought to decrease Glycemic Index of food and increase satiety

Meta Analysis Results
- no significant effects on body weight
- significant reductions for total and LDL cholesterol
- Adverse events reported included diarrhea and abdominal bloating

Question 10

“The consumption of each type of
food with the exception of _____ _____ was significantly greater in the food ads condition than with non-food ads in the obese,
overweight and healthy-weight
children.”

Answer 10

“The consumption of each type of food with the exception of low-fat savoury was significantly greater in the food ads condition than with non-food ads in the obese, overweight and healthy-weight children.”

Question 11

High sugar, high fat, and high salt is related to your ______ _____

Regardless of hunger, people typically _____ when offered the _____ and variety of an “all you can eat” buffet.

Answer 11

High sugar, high fat, and high salt are related to your reward pathway

Regardless of hunger, people typically overeat when offered the abundance and variety of an “all you can eat” buffet.

Question 12

Social Factors that Influence Food Intake – Summary

• _____
• _____
• Advertisement
• Variety
• _____ Size
• _____

Answer 12

Social Factors that Influence Food Intake – Summary

• Portion Size
• Taste
• Advertisement
• Variety
• Plate Size
• Availability

Question 13

Low Fat versus Low Carbohydrate Diet

• Short duration (less than _____ months) of _____ _____, Low CHO diets (e.g.. Atkins Diet) result in more total weight loss than _____ _____
• However, with low CHO diets a substantial portion of the total weight loss is _____ (1 g CHO: _____ g _____)
• Dieting _____ months or longer, there is no difference between the two diets in the total weight loss.
• Also, low-carb diets tend to be high in _____, and _____ _____ tend to be higher

Answer 13

Low Fat versus Low Carbohydrate Diet

• Short duration (less than 6 months) of calorie-restricted dieting, Low CHO diets (e.g.. Atkins Diet) result in total weight loss than Low Fat diets.
• However, with low CHO diets a substantial portion of the total weight loss is water loss (1 g CHO: 3 g Water)
• Dieting 12 months or longer, there is no difference between the two diets in the total weight loss.
• Also, low carb diets tend to be high in saturated fat, and blood lipids tend to be higher

Question 14

Activities that equate 3500 kcal (1 lb of fat)

~_____ kcal per mile walked or jogged

_____ portions lead to _____ food intake

_____ , _____ , _____ size, and advertisements influence _____ by stimulating the activation of the _____ pathway in the _____ center

Answer 14

Activities that equate 3500 kcal (1 lb of fat)

~100 kcal per mile walked or jogged

Larger portions lead to higher food intake

Variety, availability, plate size, and advertisements influence overeating by stimulating the activation of the hunger pathway in the reward center

Question 15

Role of Physical Activity in Obesity Reduction
Evidence Statements:

1) “ _____ _____in overweight and obese
adults results in modest (_____ kg) _____ independent of the effect of caloric restriction
through diet”
2) “_____ activity in overweight and obese adults modestly (_____ cm) reduces _____ _____”.

Answer 15

Role of Physical Activity in Obesity Reduction
Evidence Statements:

1) “ Aerobic exercise in overweight and obese
adults results in modest (<2 kg) weight loss independent of the effect of caloric restriction
through diet”
2) “Physical activity in overweight and obese adults modestly (< 2 cm) reduces abdominal fat”.

Question 16

Weight Loss Success Stats

• _____ out of _____ adults who have tried to lose weight have attempted to do so on their
  own through _____ and _____ .
• ~_____% have tried to lose weight at least _____ different times throughout their lives
• _____% of Americans with obesity have made _____ or more attempts to lose weight through _____ or _____ methods

Over _____% of individuals will not maintain a _____ weight

Answer 16

Weight Loss Success Stats

• 9 out of 10 adults who have tried to lose weight have attempted to do so on their
  own through diet and exercise.
• ~50% have tried to lose weight at least 5 different times throughout their lives
• 20% of Americans with obesity have made 20 or more attempts to lose weight through diet or exercise methods

Over 95% of individuals will not maintain a reduced weight

Question 17

The _____ _____ is Literally Burned into your Brain

Scar Tissue (_____) in the _____
– leading to chronic ______
– _____ _____ theory

Answer 17

The Set Point is Literally Burned into your Brain

Scar Tissue (Gliosis) in the Hypothalamus
– leading to chronic obesity
– Set point theory

Question 18

A combination of _____ and _____ yields the best results.
_____ weight loss is challenging without _____ changes.

Obese individuals lose _____ more slowly but retain higher _____ compared to lean individuals during starvation.

Answer 18

A combination of diet and exercise yields the best results.
Sustained weight loss is challenging without lifestyle changes.

Obese individuals lose fat more slowly but retain higher body weight compared to lean individuals during starvation.