Fed 12 CVD Flashcards
Deep Vein Thrombosis:
Causes
(Name 4)
- Clot that is formed in the large veins, commonly in the leg.
- Stagnant blood. (i.e. Immobility -
Prolonged sitting, casting, hospitalization,
surgery, pregnancy, obesity) - Hypercoagulability (coagulation of blood
faster than usual - Medications (i.e., birth control, estrogen)
- Smoking
- Genetic predisposition
- Polycythemia (increased number of red
blood cells) - Cancer
- Trauma to the vein or leg
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Symptoms (6 things)
- Half of the patients (measured by
ultrasound) have symptoms. - Swollen area of the leg.
- Pain or tenderness in the leg. Usually in one
leg and may be felt only when standing or
walking. - Increased warmth in the area of the leg that
is swollen or in pain. - Red or discolored skin.
- Not Fatal
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Treatment
(3 things)
Treatment
* Anti-coagulants (heparin and warfarin)
* Compression stockings (swelling)
* Vena cava filter (surgery)
Pulmonary embolism
The symptoms may include:
(6 things)
Can it be fatal?
The symptoms may include:
- Chest pain when taking a deep breath
- Shortness of breath
- Fainting
- Dizziness
- Sweating
- Anxiety
- Can be fatal (death)
Many deep vein thromboses are discovered only after.
Treatment:
Many deep vein thrombosis are discovered only after the clot has moved from the
leg and is lodged in the lung (pulmonary embolism).
Treatment: Anticoagulants, and oxygen
may need to have surgery to remove embolism and/or filter blood of clots.
What is the difference between
a Thrombus and Embolus? (2 things)
- Thrombus – blood clot that forms in a blood vessel and blocks blood flow locally
- Embolus – can be a blood clot or anything else (gas bubble, fat plaque etc.) that travels in the blood vessel and blocks off blood flow in a place where it was not formed.
– i.e. a thrombosis can become an embolism by moving
Stroke
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:
Intracerebral Hemorrhage:
Ischemic Stroke (Name 2)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Bleed from aneurysm or weak blood vessel into the space between skull
and brain.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Bleed from blood vessel, normally from high blood pressure
IschemicStroke:
Embolic Stroke: Embolism blocking blood vessel
ThromboticStroke: Thrombus blocking atherosclerotic blood
vessel
Stroke Risk Factors: (Name 5)
*Age
*Hypertension
*High red blood cell count
*Heart disease
*Blood cholesterol
*Diabetes
*Ethnicity (Black, Indigenous and East Asian)
Cerebral Aneurysms: (2 things)
Causes: (Name 8)
- A cerebral aneurysm is a weak or thin spot on a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and fills with blood.
- More common in women than men
Causes:
* Congenital (Genetic inborn abnormality in an artery wall).
* Trauma or injury to the head
* High blood pressure,
* Infection
* Tumors
* Atherosclerosis
* Cigarette smoking
* Drugs (oral contraceptives or cocaine)
Cerebral Aneurysm Symptoms (Name 2)
Symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm may include: (Name 4)
Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm (hemorrhage): (Name 4)
- Most cerebral aneurysms do not show symptoms until they either become very large or burst.
- Larger aneurysms may press on tissues and nerves.
Symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm may include:
* pain above and behind the eye;
* numbness, weakness, or paralysis on one side of the face;
* dilated pupils;
* vision changes.
Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm (hemorrhage):
* sudden and extremely severe headache,
* nausea and vomiting,
* stiff neck,
* loss of consciousness.
Diagnosing Cerebral Aneurysms: (Name 3)
- Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) is a noninvasive X-ray to review the anatomical structures within the brain to detect blood in or around the brain. Involves the injection of contrast dye, and provides the best pictures.
- Angiogram is an invasive procedure, where a catheter is inserted into an artery and passed through the blood vessels to the brain. Once the catheter is in place, a contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream and the x-ray images are taken.
- Magnetic resonance Angiogram (MRA) is a noninvasive test, which uses a magnetic field and radio-frequency waves to give a detailed view of the soft tissues of your brain and blood vessels. Can use contrast dye.
Treatment for Cerebral Aneurysms:
(5 steps)
Microvascular clipping
- Using general anesthesia, an opening is made
in the skull, called a craniotomy. - The brain is gently retracted so that the artery
with the aneurysm may be located. - A small clip is placed across the neck of the
aneurysm to block the normal blood flow from
entering the aneurysm. - The clip is made of titanium and remains on
the artery permanently - Shown to be highly effective, and in general,
the aneurysm do not return.
Occlusion vs Bypass
Occlusion - clamp off (occlude) the entire artery that leads to the aneurysm. This procedure is often performed when the aneurysm has damaged the artery.
Bypass - a small blood vessel is surgically grafted to the brain artery, rerouting the flow of blood away from the section of the damaged artery. Sometimes accompanies the occlusion surgery.
Endovascular Therapy (Coiling): (6 things)
- Minimally invasive (no open surgery)
- Once the individual has been anesthetized, the doctor inserts a hollow plastic tube (a catheter) into an artery (usually in the
groin) and threads it, using angiography (x-ray), through the body to the site of the aneurysm. - Using a guide wire, detachable coils (spirals of platinum wire) or small latex balloons are passed through the catheter and
released into the aneurysm. - Tiny platinum coils are threaded through the catheter into the aneurysm, blocking blood flow into the aneurysm and preventing rupture (blood clots).
- This endovascular coiling, or filling, of the aneurysm is called embolization and can be performed under general anesthesia or light sedation.
- Has become more common now
Warning Signs of Stroke:(Name 5)
Weakness
trouble speaking
Vision problems
headaches
Dizziness
Stroke Prevention: (Name 5)
- Quit smoking
- Maintain normal blood pressure
- Eat a low saturated-fat, low cholesterol diet
- Maintain a normal body weight
- Exercise
Kramsch Study Conclusion:
Conclusion: Exercise protects against
development of atherosclerosis
Average Salt intake in Canada
Average intake:
Recommended Intake:
Ideal intake:
Average intake: 2760 mg
Recommended Intake: 2300 mg
Ideal intake: 1500 mg
