Jan 8 Obesity Flashcards
Defining Obesity: Obesity is typically characterized by a Body Mass Index (BMI) _____
Overweight: BMI _____ kg/m²
Obesity Classifications:
Class I: _____ (High Risk)
Class II: _____ (Very High Risk)
Class III: _____ (Extremely High Risk)
Defining Obesity: Obesity is typically characterized by a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m².
Overweight: BMI 25–29.9 kg/m²;
Obesity Classifications:
Class I: 30.0–34.9 (High Risk)
Class II: 35.0–39.9 (Very High Risk)
Class III: ≥40 (Extremely High Risk)
U.S. Trends (BRFSS):
Gradual _____ in obesity rates since _____, starting with fewer states reporting significant obesity (_____).
By 2005: ____ -____ in some states, and ____ obesity prevalence.
Canada Trends:
Significant increases in obesity prevalence between 1985–1996 (e.g., ____–____ for children).
____ trends continued into the 2000s.
U.S. Trends (BRFSS):
Gradual increase in obesity rates since 1985, starting with fewer states reporting significant obesity (<10%).
By 2005: 25–29% in some states, and ≥30% obesity prevalence.
Canada Trends:
Significant increases in obesity prevalence between 1985–1996 (e.g., 200–300% for children).
Rising trends continued into the 2000s.
Risk Factors and Causes:
Obesity arises from multiple factors:
Behavioral: _____ lifestyle, unhealthy diet (high-calorie, low-nutrient foods).
_____ predisposition.
_____ and _____ influences.
_____ conditions and medications.
Risk Factors and Causes:
Obesity arises from multiple factors:
Behavioral: Sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet (high-calorie, low-nutrient foods).
Genetic predisposition.
Socioeconomic and environmental influences.
Medical conditions and medications.
Physical:
Increased risk of chronic diseases: _____, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer.
Joint stress and orthopedic problems.
Pulmonary diseases (e.g., _____ _____).
Increased risk of _____ and complications (e.g., COVID-19, renal failure).
Physical:
Increased risk of chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer.
Joint stress and orthopedic problems.
Pulmonary diseases (e.g., sleep apnea).
Increased risk of infections and complications (e.g., COVID-19, renal failure).
Psychological:
_____ and bias (labeled as “_____,” poor body image).
Higher prevalence of _____ _____ issues.
Psychological:
Stigma and bias (labeled as “lazy,” poor body image).
Higher prevalence of mental health issues.
Types of Fat and Risks:
_____ Fat:
Located _____ the skin, it is less _____ active. Makes up most of your _____ _____.
_____ Fat:
_____ organs, contribute to higher risks of _____ diseases like diabetes and heart disease. Causes most of the _____ effects on the body
Response to changes very _____ and can be _____ very easily.
Higher _____ fat levels are linked to: Increased _____, and low ___ _____. Cardiovascular risk.
Types of Fat and Risks:
Subcutaneous Fat:
Located beneath the skin, it is less metabolically active.
Visceral Fat:
Surround organs, contribute to higher risks of metabolic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. Causes most of the negative effects on the body
Response to changes very easily and can be lost very easily.
Higher visceral fat levels are linked to: Increased triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. Cardiovascular risk.
Parental Recognition and Childhood Obesity:
Trends in children:
Many parents _____ their child’s _____ status.
Higher risk for overweight children to develop adult _____ abnormalities.
Parental Recognition and Childhood Obesity:
Trends in children:
Many parents underestimate their child’s weight status.
Higher risk for overweight children to develop adult metabolic abnormalities.
_____ does not remove _____ which does not do anything in terms of _____ benefits
Liposuction does not remove visceral which does not do anything in terms of health benefits
Anthropometry Predictors
Waist circumference:
Men
____cm increased risk
____cm greatly increased risk
Women
____cm increased risk
____cm greatly increased risk
_____: not associated with health risk factors.
_____: enhances risk for high _____, CVD, diabetes and abnormal _____ _____.
Anthropometry Predictors
Waist circumference:
Men
94cm increased risk
104cm greatly increased risk
Women
80cm increased risk
88cm greatly increased risk
Gynoid: not associated with health risk factors.
Android: enhances risk for high BP, CVD, diabetes and abnormal blood lipids.
Distribution of daily body energy accumulation in adults over 8 years
Excess energy stored kcal/day
Median _____ kcal/day
90th percentile ____ kcal/day
Distribution of daily body energy accumulation in adults over 8 years
Excess energy stored kcal/day
Median 15 kcal/day
90th percentile 50 kcal/day
_____ cal/day = _____ more risk of dying prematurely
Estimated heritability of ~____-____
_____ genetic regions are
now known to influence
obesity traits
Causes of Obesity may be VERY _____ and _____ between individuals
130 cal/day = 20 % more risk of dying prematurely
Estimated heritability of ~40–70%
> 140 genetic regions are
now known to influence
obesity traits
Causes of Obesity may be VERY diverse and differ between individuals
Mothers-to-be who gained weight in the upper end & over these guidelines were 4 times more likely to have overweight children (BMI ___ kg/m2) at age 3.
Explanations Offered:
– mothers passed along _____ traits to the children
– diet altered environment in womb and “programmed” the child’s BMI
Mothers-to-be who gained weight in the upper end & over these guidelines were 4 times more likely to have overweight children (BMI >27 kg/m2) at age 3.
Explanations Offered:
– mothers passed along dietary traits to the children
– diet altered environment in womb and “programmed” the child’s BMI
Normal Weight: ____-____ kg
Overweight : ____- _____ kg
Obesity : ____ kg
Recommended weight gain depends on _____ weight
Normal Weight -11.5-16 kg
Overweight - 7-11.5 kg
Obesity - 5-9 kg
Recommended weight gain depends on pre-pregnancy weight
Extra blood, fluids, and proteins: ____ kg
Breast and energy stores: ____ kg
Uterus: ____ kg
Placenta: ____ kg
Baby: ____ kg
Amniotic Fluid: ____ kg
Extra blood, fluids, and proteins: 3.5 kg
Breast and energy stores: 3 kg
Uterus: 1 kg
Placenta: 1 kg
Baby: 3.5 kg
Amniotic Fluid: 1 kg
Body Energy Stores of a Lean 70-kg Man
Liver glycogen = ____ kcal
Adipose tissue triglyceride ____ kcal
Liver triglyceride = ____ kcal Muscle triglyceride = ____ kcal
Muscle glycogen = ____ kcal
Body Energy Stores of a Lean 70-kg Man
Liver glycogen = 400 kcal
Adipose tissue triglyceride 120,000 kcal
Liver triglyceride = 450 kcal Muscle triglyceride = 3000 kcal
Muscle glycogen = 2500 kcal
