Jan 8 Obesity Flashcards
Defining Obesity: Obesity is typically characterized by a Body Mass Index (BMI) _____
Overweight: BMI _____ kg/m²
Obesity Classifications:
Class I: ___-___ (High Risk)
Class II: ___-___ (Very High Risk)
Class III: ___(Extremely High Risk)
Defining Obesity: Obesity is typically characterized by a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m².
Overweight: BMI 25–29.9 kg/m²;
Obesity Classifications:
Class I: 30.0–34.9 (High Risk)
Class II: 35.0–39.9 (Very High Risk)
Class III: ≥40 (Extremely High Risk)
Risk Factors and Causes
Obesity arises from multiple factors
Behavioral: (Name 5)
Risk Factors and Causes
Obesity arises from multiple factors
Behavioral:
* Sedentary lifestyle
* unhealthy diet (high-calorie, low-nutrient foods).
* Genetic predisposition.
* Socioeconomic adn environmental influences.
* Medical conditions and medications.
Physical Complications of Obesity
(Name 4)
Physical:
* Increased risk of chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer.
* Joint stress and orthopedic problems.
* Pulmonary diseases (e.g., sleep apnea).
* Increased risk of infections and complications (e.g., COVID-19, renal failure).
Psychological Complications of Obesity
(Name 2)
Psychological:
Stigma and bias (labeled as “lazy,” poor body image).
Higher prevalence of mental health issues.
Types of Fat and Risks:
Subcutaneous Fat: (3 facts)
Visceral Fat: (5 facts)
Higher visceral fat levels are linked to: (Name 3)
Types of Fat and Risks:
Subcutaneous Fat:
* Located beneath the skin
* less metabolically active.
* Most of your body fat.
Visceral Fat:
* Surround organs,
* Higher risks of metabolic diseases (diabetes and heart disease).
* Negative effects on the body
* Changes very easily (can be lost and gained easily).
* 5-10% of body fat
Higher visceral fat levels are linked to:
* Increased triglycerides
* Low HDL cholesterol.
* Cardiovascular risk.
Parental Recognition and Childhood Obesity:
Trends in children: (2 Facts)
Parental Recognition and Childhood Obesity:
Trends in children:
* Parents underestimate their child’s weight .
* Higher risk for overweight children to develop adult metabolic abnormalities.
Does Liposuction remove fat?
Liposuction does not remove visceral which does not do anything in terms of health benefits
Anthropometry Predictors
Waist circumference
Men
____cm increased risk
____cm greatly increased risk
Women
____cm increased risk
____cm greatly increased risk
Gynoid:
Android: (Name 4)
Anthropometry Predictors
Waist circumference
Men
94cm increased risk
102cm greatly increased risk
Women
80cm increased risk
88cm greatly increased risk
Gynoid: not associated with health risk factors.
Android:
* Risk for high BP,
* CVD,
* Diabetes
* Abnormal blood lipids.
Distribution of daily body energy accumulation in adults over 8 years
Excess energy stored kcal/day
Median _____ kcal/day
90th percentile ____ kcal/day
Distribution of daily body energy accumulation in adults over 8 years
Excess energy stored kcal/day
Median 15 kcal/day
90th percentile 50 kcal/day
_____ cal/day = _____ more risk of dying prematurely
Estimated heritability of ~____-____
_____ genetic regions are now known to influence obesity traits
130 cal/day = 20 % more risk of dying prematurely
Estimated heritability of ~40–70%
> 140 genetic regions are now known to influence obesity traits
Causes of Obesity may be VERY diverse and differ between individuals
Is it true that Mothers-to-be who gained weight in the upper end were 4 times more likely to have overweight children
Explanations Offered: (2 Facts)
Mothers-to-be who gained weight in the upper end & over these guidelines were 4 times more likely to have overweight children (BMI >27 kg/m2) at age 3.
Explanations Offered:
– Dietary traits passed to the children
– diet environment in womb “programmed” the child’s BMI
Normal Weight: ____-____ kg
Overweight : ____- _____ kg
Obesity : ____ kg
What does recommended weight gain depend on?
Normal Weight -11.5-16 kg
Overweight - 7-11.5 kg
Obesity - 5-9 kg
Recommended weight gain depends on pre-pregnancy weight
Extra blood, fluids, and proteins: ____ kg
Breast and energy stores: ____ kg
Uterus: ____ kg
Placenta: ____ kg
Baby: ____ kg
Amniotic Fluid: ____ kg
Extra blood, fluids, and proteins: 3.5 kg
Breast and energy stores: 3 kg
Uterus: 1 kg
Placenta: 1 kg
Baby: 3.5 kg
Amniotic Fluid: 1 kg
Body Energy Stores of a Lean 70-kg Man
Liver glycogen = ____ kcal
Adipose tissue triglyceride ____ kcal
Liver triglyceride = ____ kcal
Muscle triglyceride = ____ kcal
Muscle glycogen = ____ kcal
Body Energy Stores of a Lean 70-kg Man
Liver glycogen = 400 kcal
Adipose tissue triglyceride 120,000 kcal
Liver triglyceride = 450 kcal
Muscle triglyceride = 3000 kcal
Muscle glycogen = 2500 kcal
Advantages of Fat
(Name 3)
Advantages of Fat
- Energy storage - mobilized during activity to provide energy.
- Insulation.
- Improved survival rates for many chronic and infectious diseases
Components of Energy Expenditure
(Name 3 and their percentage)
Components of Energy Expenditure
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) ~60% to 75%
Thermic effect of food (TEF) ~ 10%
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) ~ 15% to 50%
