Fed 7 CVD Flashcards
Cancer surpassed what in 2007.
Which ethnicity has the highest death rates of CVD
Which race is at the highest risk of dying from heart disease or stroke?
Cancer surpassed cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in Canada in 2007.
South asians
black
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of CVD? (Name 5)
- Family History
- Race and Ethnicity
- Age
- Sex
- Male Pattern Baldness
Preventing Heart Problems: Modifiable Risk Factors? (Name 3)
Good diet (Name 5)
- Smoking
- Physical Activity
- Diet
Diet
* Fat – Unsaturated versus saturated
* Omega-3 (i.e. Fish)
* Vegetables and Fruit
* Fiber and Whole Grains
* Moderate Alcohol Consumption
Obesity
What can contribute to CVD? (Name 4)
Insulin resistance
Visceral fat mass
Cholesterol levels
Blood pressure
Smoking causes: (5 things)
Smoking causes:
increase blood pressure
increase clotting
increase LDL
decrease HDL
decrease Exercise tolerance
E-Cigarettes and Vaping, what are they? (Name 4)
“e-cigarette” refers to a battery-powered device used to inhale an aerosol that typically, but not always, contains nicotine, along with flavorings and other chemicals, but not tobacco.
The lung illnesses and deaths associated with using these products are referred to as “e- cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury” or EVALI.
84% of those who have died reported vaping tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), either exclusively or in combination with nicotine in the 3 months prior.
vitamin E acetate (an additive in some THC-containing e-cigarettes) may be the primary, but not the only, cause of EVALI.
Treatment of EVALI? (Name 3)
Symptoms of EVALI (Name 2)
- There is no single test for EVALI.
- Diagnosis is mostly a process of elimination
- antibiotics and/or antivirals if there is infection
- corticosteroids for inflammation in the lungs.
- May be placed on a ventilator or need supplemental oxygen.
Physiological effects of e-cigarettes
Nicotine start: (5 steps)
Particulates start: (7 steps)
Nicotine - SNS - Vasoconstriction - Increased BP, and HR, makes your heart work harder to pump blood. Increased demands on heart.
Particulates - Inflammation/Irritation (Immune system), Thrombosis, Vasodilation, Reduced blood flow to the heart and lungs, heart needs to work harder but blood supply is being reduced by the particulates - heart does not get enough oxygen (Myocardial ischemia) - heart attack.
First time Canada Food Guide addresses chronic disease (1982)
(3 things)
- Switch in focus from preventing nutrient
deficiencies to including the goal of
reducing chronic diseases. - “energy balance” message was expanded
to stress balancing energy intake with
energy output. - new “moderation” message appeared,
encouraging Canadians to limit fat, sugar,
salt, and alcohol
Food Intake has _____ in Canada.
Who eats more veggies and fruits?
We are eating less:
Food Intake has decreased in Canada
Women
Eating less cal and less fat
How does Cholesterol come from food and your liver?
Where does LDL go?
Where does HDL go?
You consume the food, your food goes to the liver, which packages it off into cholesterol, which circulates into your bloodstream.
Cholesterol can also come directly from your liver. Food to liver to blood bloodstream to be packaged to your muscles to be used as energy.
Picks up extra Cholesterol, brings it back to the liver to get repackaged. (Good Cholesterol). Too much LDL = plaques in your vessels.
Lipoprotein Profile
Total cholesterol?
What is carried inside lipoproteins?
TG can also be carried by?
Total cholesterol = LDL (bad) + HDL (good)
Cholesterol + Triglycerides (TG) are carried inside lipoproteins
TG can also be carried free in the blood by albumin (carrier of triglyceride)
Cholesterol Metabolism process
(6 Steps)
Liver regulates cholesterol production
VLDLs break down to LDL and TG
LDL deliver cholesterol
Excess chol collects in the arterial wall
HDL picks up excess cholesterol
HDL returns chol to the liver for degradation or recycling
Atherosclerosis process (4 steps)
LDL enters smooth muscle
WBC take up oxidized LDL becoming foam cells
Foam cell rupture becoming plaque accumulation
Plaque accumulation leads to the narrowing of arteries
TLDR: Goes into the wall of your Blood vessel - White blood cells eats them - WBC become oxidized and become too big to escape -
Atherosclerosis is when your?
Blood vessel becomes hard and Lumen (hole in your blood vessel) gets smaller
