Feb 28 Infectious Disease Flashcards
A pathogen is? (2 things)
A pathogen is any organism that can produce illness or disease. A pathogen may also be called an infectious agent or simply a germ.
BACTERIA
Size =
Typical host =
Response to antibiotics = (3 things)
Reproduction =
Structure = _
BACTERIA
Size = 400 to thousands
Typical host = Animals, plants. Can affect whole
organism
Response to antibiotics = Susceptible to antibiotics. Antibiotics target specific kinds of bacteria. Some bacteria are resistant
Reproduction = Has its own DNA for reproduction
Structure = Complex unicellular structure
containing a variety of organelles for
different functions (e.g., energy
production, reproduction, protein
synthesis)
Fungus
Aspergillus:
(3 things)
Fungus
Aspergillus:
* Common indoor mold on walls, paper products or rotting food
* Spread by inhaling spores
* wheezing, shortness of breath, cough.
Fungus
Candida auris:
(5 things)
Fungus
Candida auris:
* Concern for immunocompromised
* Causes fever and chills
* Often multidrug-resistant
* 35,000 cases and 1700 deaths in 2017 in US
* Can be carried on skin without causing infection
Fungus
(4 things)
- Sniffing mold leads to?
- If the food is?
Fungus
- Mold is a type of fungus
- Some fungi and molds are safe to eat (i.e. mushrooms and blue cheese)
- Bacteria can grow with mold and cause allergic reactions or produce toxins
- These toxins can survive cooking
- Sniffing mold leads to respiratory problems
- If the food is hard, you can salvage it by cutting at least 1 inch around
- If the food is soft, throw out the whole thing
VIRUS
Size =
Typical Host =
Response to antibiotics =
Reproduction =
Structure =
VIRUS
Size = 20 - 400 nm
Typical Host = Animals, plants, bacteria. Once in a host, viruses usually target specific tissues.
Response to antibiotics = Unaffected by antibiotics
Reproduction = Uses host DNA/RNA to reproduce
Structure = Simple structure consisting of a core of reproductive molecules, usually about 8 genes, surrounded by a protective protein coat.
5 Major Classes of Pathogens
5 Major Classes of Pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Prions
Protozoa Parasites:
Giardiasis:
Causes: (5 things)
Protozoa Parasites
Single-cell parasite
Giardiasis: from drinking water, food or soil contaminated with feces
- Causes diarrhea, gas, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting
Protozoa Parasites:
Malaria:
Causes ( 8 things)
Protozoa Parasites
Single-cell parasite
Malaria: transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes.
- Causes headache, fever, fatigue, pain, chills, cough, nausea and vomiting
Helminth Parasites
Examples:
(2 things)
Helminth Parasites
Examples: Roundworm, flatworm
- Worm like parasites that live inside the host
- Have egg, larvae and adult cycles
Ectoparasites
Examples:
(2 things)
Ectoparasites
Examples: Ticks, fleas, leeches, and lice
- Organisms that live on the body surface of the host
- generally don’t cause disease themselves but can be vectors (carriers)
- i.e. ticks carry lime disease (Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi)
Lyme Disease symptoms
Usually occur within?
They include the following:
(Name 9)
Lyme Disease symptoms
Usually occur within three to 30 days after a tick bite. They include the following:
* chills
* headache
* stiff neck
* muscle aches and joint pains
* fatigue (more tired than usual)
* swollen lymph nodes
* spasms, numbness or tingling
* facial paralysis
* fever
Lime Disease:
If Lyme infection is not recognized and treated, it can affect?
If it’s caught early?
Lime Disease
A circular, red rash (bull’s eye rash) occurs in 70 to 80 per cent of people with Lyme disease.
If Lyme infection is not recognized and treated, it can affect the heart, nervous system or joints. If it’s caught early, Lyme disease can generally be treated successfully.
Prions:
E.g.
Symptoms:
Death usually occurs?
treatment or cure?
Prions
- Protein that causes the abnormal folding of
prion proteins (most common in the brain) - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
(aka Mad Cow Disease or variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease) - Symptoms: Prominent psychiatric/behavioral symptoms; painful dyesthesiasis; delayed neurologic signs.
- Death usually occurs within 13-14 months from the onset of symptoms.
- No treatment or cure
Chain of Infection (6 steps)
Chain of Infection
Germs (Agent)
Where germs live (Resevoir)
How germs get out (Portal of exit)
Germs get around (Mode of transmission)
How germs get in (Portal of entry)
Next sick person (Susceptible host)
Key Points about infection:
Physical and chemical borders
(Name 5)
Immune system
(2 things)
Key Points about infection
After entering the body, the pathogen does
not always lead to infection or disease
Physical and chemical borders
* Skin
* Mucus membranes
* Fluids (e.g. tears, saliva)
* Cilia
* Coughing, sneezing etc.
Immune system (Last line of defense)
* Inflammatory
* Immune response
Immediate Inflammatory Response:
Non-specific Response (Innate)
- Following injury or infection inflammation occurs: (4 steps)
Immediate Inflammatory Response
Non-specific Response (Innate)
- Following injury or infection inflammation occurs:
- Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate
and fluid to accumulate, leading to Heat, Swelling, and Redness - Histamines attract phagocytes (type of
WBC - neutrophils) that attack (eat)
the infection and destroy dead cells - Pus (collection of dead neutrophils and
debris) - If applicable, platelets seal the wound
Phagocytosis (Greek – )
(3 steps)
Phagocytosis (Greek – to eat)
WBC (i.e. neutrophils,etc) -> Phagocytosis -> Enzymes break down pathogen
Innate immunity =
Adaptice immuity =
Innate immunity = Very fast
Adaptice immuity = Takes longer (Developed over time)
The Immune Response
Adaptive or Acquired Specific Response:
(3 things)
Two types of adaptive responses of WBC:
The Immune Response
Adaptive or Acquired Specific Response
- Adaptive responses remember and recognize specific antigens after exposure
- An antigen is a foreign or “non-self” macromolecule
- Systemic response (not limited to one location)
Two types of adaptive responses of WBC:
* Humoral immune response - activated B cells and antibodies
* Cell-mediated immune response - T cells
most common diseases that lead to death? ( name 2)
Influenza and pneumonia = most common diseases that lead to death
